302 
Agriculture of Denmarh. 
in the Danish islands, and in a few districts of the east coast of 
Jutland. On an average it is calculated that on the larger pro- 
perties on the islands and in Jutland, each cow gives annually 
from 75 to 90 pounds of butter ; but in the duchies, more 
especially in Holstein, cows are known to give as much as 154 
pounds : whereas the yeoman farmer seldom obtains more than 
60 pounds. It is usually calculated that the profit on a cow 
varies from 21. lbs. to 3/. Is. Qd. a-year, but, by good feeding, it 
may be brought to 4/. IO5. Formerly the cattle were ill-fed 
during winter, and, when turned out on pasture-land, they were 
excessively meagre, but of late years a favourable change has 
taken place in this respect ; now cattle are fed during winter on 
corn, esculent plants, oil-cakes, &c., and when turned out into the 
fields they are strong and healthy, and consequently give better 
returns. But there is still great room for improvement in the 
mode of feeding, inasmuch as sufficient attention is not paid to 
the digestive properties of the food given to cattle, and it is some- 
times supplied too often, viz., seven or eight times a day ; again, 
too sudden changes are made from one kind of food to another, 
whereby temporary illness is frequently caused. 
With respect to the buildings and utensils of the dairies, I 
may observe that the first are very indifferent ; as a general rule, 
cold in winter, warm in summer, damp, badly ventilated, &c. 
Latterly attention has been drawn to these defects, especially in 
Holstein, where a profitable dairy-system has existed for centuries 
past, and consequently early reforms may be looked for. Wooden 
pans have hitherto been almost exclusively used to keep the milk 
in ; now and then earthen vessels were met with ; within the last 
few years, however, iron pans have been introduced ; they are 
large, roomy, and, comparatively speaking, do not require much 
space ; they are easily kept clean, and in the course of time they 
will doubtless prove cheaper than those of wood, but their prin- 
cipal advantage is, that in warm weather the milk is quickly 
cooled and the formation of cream thereby facilitated. 
The dairy management of yeomen farmers is, as earlier stated, 
very bad, but on the larger estates all over the country it is 
otherwise. Butter from the latter has of late fetched high prices 
in the London market, but I am informed it has principally been 
sold under the name of " Kiel " butter on account of the discredit 
earlier attached to that produced in the kingdom. 
Though the consumption of butter is greater in Denmark than 
in any other country (in Denmark 20 to 30 pounds, in England 
6 to 8 pounds, in Prussia 2 pounds per head annually), yet it 
forms, next to grain, the most important article of export. During 
the last twenty or thirty years the shipment of butter has greatly 
increased, and from Holstein it has nearly doubled. In the com- 
