Steam Culture. 
407 
injy for accidents and removals. To accomplish this on the very 
stiffest clays to a depth of five or six inches a 12-horse engine 
mustt be worked at times with a pressure of from 70 to 80 lbs. 
on tlie square inch : such work costs 1^. per acre when done less 
perfectly by hired horses. The farm of Mr. E. Holland, M.P., 
in Gloucestershire, is of this nature ; and Mr. Redman's wet 
stiff' land near Swindon, seems to come into the same category ; 
as, " this wet autumn, he ploughed for wheat about 4^ inches 
deep at the rate of 5 acres per day, using 3 furrows," with a 12- 
horse engine. 
Mr. J. King, in Warwickshire, states he can plough from 5 to 
6 acres of clay from 7 to 8 inches deep, and from 7 to 8 acres of 
light land 10 inches in a day, with a three-furrow plough and a 
10-horse-power engine ; as this plough is in constant work for 
hire, the attendants are, probably, more experienced and alert 
than common labourers. 
In less tenacious clays, a 10-horse engine, worked only with 
a pressure of from 45 to 50 lbs. on the square inch, will go 
over the same extent of ground to a depth of 7 inches. Such 
is Mr. Saltmarshe's experience in Yorkshire. In these cases a 
question will arise whether the fourth plough should be removed 
that the work may proceed at a quicker pace. 
Mr. Saltmarshe is of opinion that the rate at which the steam 
plough should travel should be not less than four miles an hour, 
whenever this speed is readily attainable. But he is also an 
advocate for working with moderate pressure, and says the pres- 
sure-gauge should be set at 60 lbs. ; so soon as this pressure is 
indicated it becomes desirable to take off a plough. Probably, 
the five acres may be alike accomplished by four ploughs work- 
ing at a lower, or three at a higher sj)eed ; — the latter course 
being preferable. 
On loams combined with chalk, at Fawley Court (Mr. Majori- 
banks), 6 acres of good 3-horse work were executed at a depth 
of 6 or 7 inches by a 10-horse engine, on an average deduced 
from 405 acres. 
Mr. R. Stratton, of Broad Hinton, with a 12-horse power engine, 
could probably show a higher average, as he has frequently in 
summer ploughed at the rate of an acre an hour. 
Besides turning a furrow, Fowler's plough will subsoil to a 
total depth of 14 inches, when deep autumn cultivation for 
roots is desirable. In this manner, 2^ acres, or half the quantity 
ploughed, may be gone over on clay soils in a day. 
This seems an admirable mode of working the land ; better 
than attempting to turn over a very thick block of clay to be 
weathered. 
Mr. Arnot (on whose farm, near Carshalton, the steam-plough 
was at work during the Smithfield show), in preparing for roots 
