410 
Steam Culture. 
days' work suffice for his 350 acres of strong arable land ; at that 
rate, 100 days would be nearly enough for 400 acres ; and as- 
suming that, on an average for both smashing up and crossing, 
6 acres form a day's work, the whole amount of tillage effected 
would be 600 acres, as large an account as is generally given of 
a year's performance, although Mr. F. T. Robertson, near How- 
den, cultivated 788 acres 8 inches deep between April and 
November 23, 1859 ; and Messrs. Armstrong and Topham, in a 
season and a half, between August, 1858, and November 26, 
1859, broke up 636 acres and crossed 330. 
We may, therefore, assume that Smith's Cultivator will gene- 
rally accomplish its task in about 100 days on occupations of the 
size and nature for which it is best adapted ; that is, good-sized 
clay farms, provided with moderate roads, where there is no fixed 
steam or water power, and, consequently, the engine may I be 
worked for about 60 days in a year for other purposes than culti- 
vation ; two-thirds of the cost of the engine being charged against 
cultivation, and one-third against other lighter uses which will 
sometimes be little more than exercise. This arrangement will 
generally suit any but the needy farmer who forces his corn into 
market directly after harvest. 
The cultivator, then, be it Fowler's or Smith's, will generally 
accomplish its task in about 100 days in each season. In either 
case, if there be no other steam-power, more than half as many 
days, but not more than half as much force of the engine, may be 
employed on other farm work, in which case the cultivation will 
pay all costs arising for the tackle, but only two-thirds of those 
incurred for the engine. 
The Cost of Manual Labour and Water-Cart. 
On this head we shall see that theoretical estimates are rather 
in excess of the cost practically incurred. 
For the Fowler, the Chester Report estimated these items at 
18*. per day ; Mr. Holland sets them at 14s. dd. ; Mr. Saltmarshe, 
for labour 125., for water-cart 35.; Mr. Risman, at 125. for men, 
or, including 35. for horse in water-cart, 155. ; and these instances 
may suffice. 
For Smith's cultivator, the average cost of manual labour 
seems slightly to exceed that of Fowler's. The Duke of Man- 
chester sets it at 14*. ; Lord Hatherton at I65. ; Mr. Pike at 
lis. 8cZ. (besides beer, about 25.) ; and Mr. Faux at 15s. Per- 
haps 15s. per day may be considered the average, but to this 
possibly must be added 3s. for the horse used in water-carting. 
The Chester Report assigns 1/. Is. to these items. The evidence 
of experience is in this case decidedly to be preferred. 
