412 
Steam Culture. 
most concise answer which I can give is that, according to 
Bourne,* 1 II). of coals will generally raise from 6 lbs. to 8 lbs. 
of water into steam ( 1 lb. of the best coals will suffice for 9^ lbs. 
or 10 lbs. of water). 
A rough calculation may be based on this information, allow- 
ing a good deal for water wasted. 
Cost of Removals. 
Here, again, practice gives in a lower estimate than theory, 
the former allowing at the rate of 2s. a day, the latter 4s. ; the 
difference between a dry and wet season will perhaps cause a 
greater discrepancy than this. 
On this head a self-propelling Fowler will perhaps cost as 
much, for assistance, as a horse-drawn engine adapted to a Smith, 
for draught. The former will require the aid of from 2 to 6 
horses, according to circumstances : if we take 4 as the mean, and 
allow for a removal once in 4 days occupying half a day, the re- 
sulting average charge of 1 horse for half a day may be set at 2s. 
The sum of these items for Fowler's plough would be — 
s. 
Labour of men and water-cart 15 
Coals delivered 10 
Ttemovals 2 
Oil I 
28 
•or 28s. per day. 
Cost of Steam Power. 
We now come to that which I cannot look on otherwise 
than as the most obscure, as well as the most important, fea- 
ture in our subject. A writer familiar with the ever-varying 
conditions of horse-labour as it exists, and not equally expe- 
rienced in analysing the various elements on which the total 
cost of steam-power depends, or fully able to anticipate the 
various modifications of our system to which its introduction 
will lead, may be struck by the neatness and simplicity of the 
estimates of cost which accompany the accounts of steam-trials, 
and hardly perceive that, on a purely theoretic basis, estimates 
of horse-labour might be prepared equally simple and precise, 
and probably not less wide of the mark. 
As to the defects of these theories of cost: — 1st. — The day's 
work calculated by rule of three from a short trial probably does 
not represent the average day's work of the season any more 
nearly than that of the steam threshing-machine can be deduced 
* Cateclnsm of the Steani-Eiigine, Qiicsticii 146. 
