Steam Culture. 
423 
with a power of increase at harvest, seed-time, and hay-tiine, 
seems, on the whole, economical, particularly as it diminishes 
the cost of attendance. At these rates the horse will work 1875 
hours in a year, to which, if we add for extra work at harvest 
and seed-time 125 hours, we shall have a total of 2000 hours, 
which, at 5t/. per hour, amounts to 41/. 13s.* 
The cost of the horse and ail adjuncts may be thus calculated : — 
£. s. d. £. s. d. 
Food 23 10 0 
Deduct for difTcrcnce between market and con- 
suming price for corn, 10 per cent, on 10^. 
or more 2 00 
21 10 0 
For ploughmen and attendance 12 0 0 
For interest and depreciation 410 0 
For shares and maintenance of ploughs and cultivators.. 1 10 0 
• For blacksmith, saddler (plough harness only), and farrier 1 10 0 
41 0 0 
On the first item I need only observe, that if you keep the 
horse and have the benefit of his manure, all his Ibod must be 
charged at consuming price. 
On the second : — this allowance is liberal, on the system of 
working in a single journey of 7^ hours, in which case one carter 
looks after four or five horses, and labourers or lads help him in 
ploughing. Here 35Z. a year have been allowed for the carter, 
and Is. on 250 days, making 12/. 10s. for assistance, or, in all, 
47/. 10s., which, divided among four horses, gives about 12/. 
apiece. 
The next item is 15 per cent, on 30/., the value of the average 
of the horses, not of those in their prime. In the other items 
nothing but ploughs and cultivators and the harness adapted to 
them are taken into account, because the steam apparatus com- 
prises only similar implements. 
A margin of 13s. is left, which each reader may add to any of 
the above items to make them suit his fancy or experience. 
And thus it has been shown that the annual expense of the horse 
(with such adjuncts as are included in our calculation of the 
cost of steam-power) will be met by a charge of 5d. per hour on 
2000 working hours. 
But thus far we have made no distinction between the value 
of a horse's work at one season and at another, whereas steam 
promises to replace his services just at the three busiest months 
in autumn, and then again for three months in spring. We 
ought not, therefore, to contrast steam-power with the mean value 
* This is an estimate adapted only to our special case. 
