Farming of Yorkshire. 
Ill 
reilrainini;-, for in course of time the tlruins on the stron<r lands 
ceased altofj^ethcr to run : the remedy for this was (haining- up 
the ancient furrow. Where there is a j^ood outfall the imme- 
diate effect of this system is a complete abandoning- of the summer 
fallow and the increase of the root-crops to lour or five times the 
former growth, these being followed by a crop of corn and clover 
witli the best results. " Use no manure till you have drained " 
has become the farmer's ])roverb. The use of lime for fallows 
has been revived of late, its consumption having at first much 
decreased upon the introduction of hand-tillages. The farmers 
are also become aware of the importance of deep ploughing and 
the mechanical working of tlie land by drags and harrows, so as 
to improve the seed-bed for the following crop. Owing to the 
lateness of the last harvest many tenants took advantage of the 
permission given to stack their corn in the fields : under such a 
season this was perhaps desirable, although, as a rule, we like to 
see the crop under the eye of the farmer, and near the home- 
stead ; it looks and is better, leads to less waste in using the 
straw, and less injury to the land than when carted in the 
winter. 
On well-managed farms stubbles are scarified immediately 
after harvest, and if intended for a root-crop, deep ploughed 
before the frost sets in ; the rest of the ploughing follows as 
quickly as possible, in order to finish before winter and to allow 
of early operations in the spring. Winter beans have of late 
been much grown, and sometimes yield a heavy crop ; but it is 
important for them to be sown immediately after harvest, as, if 
deferred until the frost sets in, they not unfrequently fail. Winter 
tares or vetches are treated in like manner, and are great favourites 
with all lowland farmers : some sow them in the spring. These 
crops are generally highly manured, and are followed by a crop 
of wheat. 
The use of the presser on strong loamy soils is general when 
wheat is sown. The favourite course on strong land is the five- 
field shift, often expanded into a sixth-course, thus : — 1st, roots 
eaten off or removed ; 2nd, wheat, barley, or oats (frequently the 
former sown with clover-seeds either to mow or graze), manured 
in the autumn, and sometimes salted or limed ; 3rd, wheat ; 4th, 
beans; 5th, wheat: or else — 1st, roots; 2nd, wheat; 3rd, oats; 
4th, seeds ; 5th, wheat ; 6tli, beans. We have also seen the 
following adopted as less exhausting than this course, viz. : 1st, 
roots ; 2nd, wheat ; 3rd, beans ; 4th, oats ; 5th, seeds ; 6th, 
wheat. These crops are all manured (the true receipt for en- 
suring a profitable return) ; the roots with 10 to 12 tons of well- 
made dung, 8 to 10 bushels of half-inch bones or 5 cwts. of 
superphosphate, 3 cwts. of Peruvian guano or 5 cwts. of rape- 
