■1(5 G Report on the Exhibition and Trials of Implements at Leeds. 
not so equal iu size, and consequently not so evenly laid, and would have re- 
quired a greater amount ol harrowing to i)roduce the same tilth. The ploughs 
being placed in a frame upon four wheels, and the Avhole being necessarily a 
great weight, it seemed no easy matter, even to ex]3erienced men, to set it into 
its work at the land's end, and strong levers had often to be resorted to. 
Fowler's jilough, on the contrary, being balanced on two wheels, was veiy 
easily guided into the unploughed land. 
In order to test the capabilities of Mr. Fowler's ajiparatus on fields having 
irregular boimdiiries and uneven surfaces, it was set to cultivate a piece of land 
in the field jireviously cropjied with turnips, wliich was nearly triangular in 
shape, and had upon it an old stone quarry of considerable depth. This land 
was, however, broken up with the " digger " 10 inches deep in a first-rate 
manner. 
This completed the trials in Class I. on the light land. The next experi- 
ments were on a field of very stiff soil, in the occupation of Mr. Furness, the 
lower part of which was of a tough and tenacious character, such as is very 
rarely met with. Higher up the field the soil was more friable, but very hard 
and stubborn. It was a rye-grass and clover layer, which had been eaten off 
by sheep, and had been laid up in narrow lands, with deep furrows intervening. 
It presented, on the whole, a more severe test than these implements had 
ever been subjected to, when competing for prizes oflered by the Royal Agri- 
cultural Society. To each of the two competitors six acres were allotted, with 
directions to plough one half, and break up the other with a scarifier. 
Mr. Fowler ploughed the first half of his plot m a first-rate manner, and, 
considering the depth attained and the character of the soil, with considerable 
rapidity. But on lands so narrow, with furrows so deep, it was impossible 
that the whole should be ploughed at a uniform depth, or laid at one uniform 
angle, by a set of four ploughs attached to a rigid frame. Owing, however, 
to the facilities possessed by Mr. Fowler for raising or lowering the wheel on 
cither side of his ploughs, even when iu motion, a greater uniformity of depth 
was attained than could reasonably have been expected. 
In order to test the resistance the ]iloughs had to contend with, one of 
Messrs. Hornby's single-wheel ploughs was attached to a dynamometer, and 
drawn by four strong horses ; the results given are recorded in the previous 
table (p. 4G5). 
Mr. Fowler broke up the remainder of his jiiece with the same implement, 
but substituted scarifying breasts for the common mould-boards. The plough- 
shares cut all the land to a depth of from 7 to 8 inches, and left an even 
bottom. The surface was all the more broken from the coulters being so set 
that each furrow-slice was cut in two. Thus, with the aid of the prongs on 
the top of tlie short niouldboards, the land was well torn to pieces, and left in 
an admirable state for subsequent fallowing. It may be remarked as a slight 
defect in the work that a place is not cleared in the furrow for the passage of 
the wheel on the return of the implement. The result is that a small part of 
the surface is again compressed, on which if any couch-grass be lying, it 
would be replanted. 
The Messrs. Howard's plough was altogether a failure on the narrow lands 
of this field. This is attributable to the wheels which regulate the depth of 
the furrow not being readil}- altered to suit the inequalities of the sxirface. The 
result was that the land was only partially ploughed, and at very imequal 
depths, the bottoms of the old furrows being rarely touched. This ])lough is 
only suited for a level surfiice, and requires land of this kind to be jireviously 
l(!velled by steam or other cultivation. After having gone over about half an 
acre, it brol<e, and the scarifier was then substituted. With this implement the 
land was hy no means all moved, nor was tlie depth attained at all uniform. The 
bottom presented the same series of small ridges as elsewhere, and it was evident 
that 
