472 Report on the Exhibition and Trials of Implements at Leeds. 
The rcranining trials in Class 11. took place in the field of strong land. 
Messrs. Howard's plough having been broken during the trials in Class I., 
tliey were obliged to scarify the plot of clover layer assigned to them in this 
Class. This they did pretty well, but the depth was by no means great, nor 
was the land all moved, especially in the furrows. 
Mr. Fowler ploughed a small part of his plot, and scarified the remainder in 
the same manner as that done with the large engine. All the soil was moved 
to a depth of 7 inches, and the surface was well divided. 
1'he next performance of the implements in this Class was to cross the work 
of the large cultivators in the heavy-land Held. This was done very well by 
both implements, but in neither case conkl they do much to the furrows, 
unless the land had been well cut at the previous operation. However, the 
cultivator of Messrs. Howard moved very rapidly over the ground in this 
crossing, and well stirred an acre ])cr horn-. 
Both Mr. Fowler and Messrs. Howard had a field allotted them to cultivate 
in what manner they pleased. Mr. Fowler ploughed with his " digger " 
11a. 2b. 14p., at the depth of fully 7 inches, in just 12 hours, burning 18 cwt. 
of coals. This work was executed in ca])ital style, the whole field being 
Ijloughed straight away without any interruption, except a small stoppage 
occasioned by the ropes having to be shifted round a tree. Mr. Fowler ploughed 
up the headland adjacent to the engine, but did not attempt the further one, 
on account of the harm which the engine would have done in moving iip the 
lield. 
This field was in some parts a stiff clay, in some inclined to a peaty loam, 
whilst in others the coal measures and shale cropped out. Considering the 
variation of the soil, the depth of the ploughing may be called uniform, and 
the soil well thrown over and left in capital order. 
Messrs. Howard cultivated 10 acres in a little over !) hours. The land 
was well stirred, and all the grass and root weeds left on the surface. On the 
upper part of the field the clay was stiff and intractable ; here three tines were 
used. On the lower portion it was almost all peat, and on this soil the culti- 
vator had five tines. Messrs. Howard's rojies were not long enou<:h for the 
field, and so a portion of it bad to be cultivated the shorter way, but all the 
headlands were scarified. 
No particulars have been recorded in our tables of the cost of setting down, 
taking up, and shifting tackle, to plough headlands. During the trials, how- 
ever, account was taken of the time thus occupied, but the work done was not 
charged with it. The engines and implements being all in the fields in which 
they were to work, and not removed after finishing the plots assigned to them 
— being also in the hands of men of more than common exjierience, and fully 
on the alert — the results obtained are no reliable guide as to the probable cost 
per acre of these operations imder ordinary circumstances. This must neces- 
sarily depend on the distance to which removals have to be made, the size of 
the fields to be cultivated, and the wet or dry state of the land to be travelled 
over. When ploughing the 8-acre piece of clover-ley in Class I., Fowler spent 
26 minutes in setting down, 26 minutes in shifting to plough first headland, 
40 minutes for the last, and 25 minutes loading up again=l hour 57 minutes. 
The cost of this, for labour alone, on the 8 acres was about 4c?. per acre. 
Messrs. Howard on the corresponding jDiece were 2 hours 42 minutes setting 
down, 24 minutes shifting for first headland, 17 minutes for the second, and 
20 minutes loading up=3 hows 43 minutes, costing in labour 9rf. per acre. 
Tu neither case is any charge made for time lost and fuel consumed in getting 
up steam, the time lost by the engines, nor the assistance given by the use of 
horses. In this class Mr. Fowler had ati advantage over his opponent, but in 
Class I!., Nvith the small tackle, there was no great difl:erencc. The costs of 
removal arc much the highest in Class 11., at least six horses being required to 
move the engine and all the apparatus simultaueouslyi The large engines 
used 
