124 
The Labour Bill in Farming. 
" Estimated Cost and Besult of groimng one acre of Barley in 
j>lace of the above Crop. 
£ s. iL 
Team IF o;-^-— including Autumn cleaning, ploughing, usual 
haiTOwings, rolling and drilling ; also team work at harvest, 
threshing, and delivering to market 180 
3/«?(fa/f ZaioM?- at harvest — threshing and dressing .. .. 0 18 O 
Coal and use of steam-threshing machinery 0 4 0 
Seed 0 15 O 
Manure 200 
Rent, rates, and taxes 2 10 0 
7 15 0- 
Value of Crop, 10 coomhs at 19s £9 10 0 
Straw for consumption on farm 1 10 0 
Total produce £11 0 0 
" As liigh-farming consists in consuming on the farm as 
much corn and cake as possible, it is clear that a landlord, by 
compelling a tenant to grow an extra amount of roots, defeats- 
his own object : because a farmer of small capital, instead of 
purchasing food, has all he can do to consume his roots, and 
thereby only returns to the land a part of what the crop of roots 
had previously taken out of it. 
" Beyond the opinion expressed above with regard to surplus- 
hands, I see no reason to think that labour will be dearey. 
When I consider that, notwithstanding the considerable pressure 
that was used to induce emigration from the Newmarket district 
last year, the wages still remain nominally at 13.«., I cannot 
resist the conclusion that an immense deal of emigration must 
take place from the country generally previous to any further 
rise in farm-wages. Moreover, there seem to be some signs oi 
a sufficiency of hired labour in America. If such is the case, i 
do not think that English farm-labourers in regular employment 
will be induced in any considerable numbers to go to the back- 
woods to clear forests on their own account." 
America, however, is not the only outlet for our surplus farm- 
labour, and 1 cannot help thinking that emigration ^may, in. 
time, cause a dearth of labour. The leaders of the National 
Union are now concentrating the resources and influence of 
their organization for the purpose of sending agricultural 
labourers away to other parts of the country or the colonies. 
So far as this movement really tends to the benefit of the men 
themselves, nobody has the least reason to complain of it. On 
the contrary, it is a natural and legitimate attempt to better the 
condition of the labourers, and one which will command general 
approval. I'^xperience has shown that most farm-labourers, at 
all events in the Southern Counties — and East Anglia may be 
