162 Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 
this way, caustic soda dissolved in water may be put into the 
steam-boiler. By this means the precipitation of carbonate of 
lime, as well as the removal of lime from sulphate, is effected in 
a condition in which the lime to precipitate is far less crystalline 
than it is when no precipitating agent is employed. 
The formation of crystalline and hard incrustations in boilers 
may also be prevented to a great extent by placing in the boiler 
potato-peelings, spent-tan, peat-mould, coarse sawdust, or chips 
of oak-wood and bark, or similar materials, which act in a 
purely mechanical manner in preventing the agglomeration of 
crystalline particles of carbonate of lime into hard masses. 
Several compositions sold as preventives of boiler incrustations 
act mainly in a mechanical way, and others partly chemically 
and partly mechanically. A favourite composition, sold under 
A'arious names, consists of a combination of crude tannic acid, 
produced from gum catechu or oak-bark, or other astringent raw 
materials, with bone-gelatine or glue. Crude tannic acid and 
caustic soda are likewise constituents of several fluids recom- 
mended as preventives of boiler-deposits. 
11, Salisbury Square, Fleet Street, E.G., January, 1875. 
V. — Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. By 
H. M. Jenkins, F.G.S., Secretary of the Society. 
General 
Page 
Introduction 162 
Physical Features 168 
Farm Buildings 175 
General System of Agriculture 178 
Cultivation of the Land , . 184 
Harvesting 193 
Live Stock 194 
Horses 194 
Posting Stations . . . . 199 
Cattle 201 
Thelemark Breed .. .. 201 
Swedish Country Breed .. 205 
English Breeds and Swedish 
Crosses 208 
Management of Shorthorns. 211 
Tondern Breed 213 
Contents. 
Pagb 
Cattle — Cost of rearing Calves 215 
Exportation of Swedish 
Cattle 218 
Sheep 220 
Pigs 221 
Dairying 222 
Sale of Milk to Towns .. 222 
Butter-making 223 
Cheese-making 224 
A Meat-making Farm .. .. 227 
A Milk-producing Farni .. 238 
Meat wrs«s Milk .. !. .. 243 
Farm Labour 246 
Agricultural Institutions .. 250 
Taxation and Rural Affairs .. 255 
Conclusion 259 
Introduction. 
The agriculture of the Scandinavian Peninsula is less known 
to Englishmen than that of any other region of Northern 
Europe. The farming of the more distant empire of Russia has 
