L78 Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norwaij. 
In materials, the granaries do not differ from the other build- 
ings ; they are generally several storeys in height, each flat being 
well ventilated, not overcrowded, and under constant supervision 
to wage war against rats and mice, which, on account of the 
harbour afforded by the wooden buildings, are a great plague to 
the Scandinavian farmer. 
General System of Ageiculture. 
Sweden and Norway extend through so many degrees of lati- 
tude, that the climate must alone cause great diversities in the 
agricultural practices of the various districts of the kingdom. Yet 
the general idea is the same, and may be thus briefly sketched : 
The system is one of arable-land dairying. The cows are 
very generally bred by the labourers and smaller farmers, being 
sold progressively, after they have dropped two or three calves, 
their places being taken by heifers calving for the first time. 
The bull-calves are nearly all killed as soon as they are born ; 
and where cattle are bred on larger farms, the cow-calves share 
the same fate, with the exception of about ten per cent, which 
are reared in order to take the place, in due time, of old cows 
that are culled. 
In the northern parts of the country the cows are sent during, 
the summer to hill-pastures,* called "Saeter;" the women and 
children, in the case of small farmers, migrating there to tendi 
the cattle and make the cheese and butter, while the men culti- 
vate the land in the valleys, and join their families on Sunday. 
In winter, the positions are reversed, for the men work in the 
I'orests, and the women live in the valleys, whither they had 
taken their cattle with them in the month of September. 
In the southern provinces there are no such migrations, andi 
the farms are on the average larger, with a comparatively small 
acreage of permanent grass ; but the principal object is still 
dairying, and it is chiefly carried on by means of grass unde' 
rotation. There is, however, a certain amount of land devote 
to the growth of " industrial crops," especially tobacco and bee 
root, and a fair number of cattle are fed on the refVise of sug 
manufactories, breweries, and distilleries, though the dairy cow 
obtain a large share of these adventitious feeding-stuffs. 
With this broad outline in his mind, the reader will be bette 
]>ropare(l to understand the more detailed description whic 
follows. 
* The smoko arising from damp burning wood is used in the most northeri 
provinces as a protection to the cattle from the gnata or mosquitoes ; and th 
instinct of the animals h^ads tbom to place themselves in its midst, for the purpos 
uC getting rid of their tormentors. 
