180 Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 
in the provinces of Gefleborg, West Norrland, and certain dis- 
tricts of Kopparberg. 
" The four-field system is more rare, and occurs in Falbjgden, 
and certain other districts of West Gotland and Dalsland, as 
well as in Smaland, Blekinge, and Roslagen, also in the divisions 
Nedan and Ofvan Siljan, of the province Kopparberg, where 
also the three-field system is followed. 
" The system of rotations is general in Scane, both on the estates 
of the gentry and on the farms of the peasants. In the remain- 
ing southern and middle provinces this system prevails upoa 
nearly all estates and large holdings, and in the last-mentioned 
part of the country it is adopted by not a few of the smaller pro- 
prietors. ' Twin-culture ' farms are mostly to be found in Werra- 
land and Dalarne, and also, as is the case with the system of 
rotations, here and there upon the larger estates, in parts of the 
country where the reduction in the area of natural meadow and of 
pasture has rendered necessary the cultivation of artificial grasses. 
" Many systems of rotation of crops are to be met with, 
comprising from 4 to 12 shifts. The oldest ' twin-culture ' farms 
in Dalarne had 10 courses; and now such farms occur in manjt 
places worked in from 6 to 16 courses, these last often having 
a double sowing of clover and grass, one after a manured 
winter-corn, and another after summer-corn, which had been 
preceded by a manured and hoed root-crop. The accepted prin- 
ciples of the system of rotations are now recognised in that of 
twin-cultivation, that corn and fodder-crops shall follow one 
anotlier, so that straw-crops shall alternate with foliage-crops : 
and therefore the ' twin-culture ' farms are arranged in such a 
manner that their rotations include several years of clover and 
grass. The last-mentioned farms are the best adapted to the 
agricultural circumstances of the country, and permit — in con- 
sequence of the grass being left down for several years, as well 
as the more extended cultivation of root-crops — a profitable 
rearing (Holliinderei) and dairy husbandry, to which general 
attention is at present devoted to such an extent that a not 
inconsiderable exportation now takes place, both ^of butchers 
animals and dairy products." 
The principle of the Swedish rotation of crops is very simple 
The chief bread-corn used by the people is rye, for althougl 
bread is also made of wheat, barley, and oats, it has been cal 
culated that the average consumption per head of the popula 
tion per annum of the chief vegetable products of the farm if 
excluding decimals, rye, 5 bushels; wheat, 3 pecks; barley 
3 bushels; oats, 1* bushel; peas, Vi bushel; and potatoes, 7 
bushels. 
