Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 189 
breadth of potatoes for home use is generally grown. Turnips 
are sometimes taken after oats instead of barley, on either the 
whole or a part of the course, and in other cases on part of 
the fallow course, which is then followed by barley instead of 
rye. The stubble is ploughed in the autumn as for bare fallow, 
and harrowed in the spring ; or if the ploughing cannot be done 
in the short autumn it must be a first consideration in the spring. 
About the middle of May the land is grubbed to the depth of 
10 inches, harrowed, if possible, and set out in ridges from 24 to 
28 inches wide, with the double-mouldboard plough. Farm- 
yard manure is laid in the drills to the amount of 15 tons per 
acre, and 1 to 2 cwt. of superphosphate added. The ridges are 
split, and about 4 lbs. per acre of turnips sown. This is an 
advanced system of turnip-cultivation, and is rarely to be seen. 
More frequently no farmyard-manure is applied, and the super- 
phosphate is sown broadcast directly after the spring harrowing. 
The land is ridged, and 7 or 8 lbs. of turnip-seed drilled per 
imperial acre. 
The cleaning of the land is mostly performed by means of a 
bow-scraper which works in the furrows, and the plants are 
thinned and singled by children to about 10 inches apart. In 
October the roots are lifted, topped and tailed, and stored in 
long pits or pies, or in houses, for use as required during 
the winter. The total extent of land under all kinds of root- 
crops, in Sweden, has averaged only 24,177 acres for the years 
1867-72 inclusive. It will be seen in the sequel that the 
reason why turnips are not more extensively grown is that on 
most of the farms in the Scandinavian Peninsula the prin- 
icipal object is dairying. It is not that the climate prevents 
Itheir cultivation or renders it difficult, for throughout the 
Icountry, from Malmo in the south to Gefle in the north, I occa- 
sionally saw exceedingly good crops of swedes and of white and 
»ellow turnips. 
1 Sugar-beet. — This root is grown on a fair number of farms 
■1 the south and centre of Sweden, in localities near certain 
fcwns, such as Landskrona and Wadstena, where sugar-factories 
Aist. The crop is generally sold to the sugar-makers at a price 
«ual to rather more than 21s. per ton, which may be increased 
tBnearly 24s. in the winter-season in some districts. From one- 
fmh to one-sixth of the weight of the roots may be bought back 
aMpulp, at prices varying from 13s. 4f/. per ton, in the case of 
t\M larger percentage, to 16s., or even 18s. 6f/., in the case of the- 
snMller. It is of course obvious that the quality of the pulp 
is Eetter in the latter case, as the difference between the larger 
an« smaller percentage of weight returned as pwlp consists 
ainmst entirely of water. 
