Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 
191 
Mr. Tranchell, a sugar-manufacturer, on his farm of Sabyholm, 
near Landskrona, in the south of Sweden, exhibits some im- 
portant divergences of practice. The stubble is ploughed in the 
autumn to the depth of about 10 inches, either by horses or oxen. 
In spring, a good tilth is obtained by harrowing, and the land is 
then sown with about 150 lbs. per acre of bone-dust, a similar 
quantity of guano, and 75 lbs. of potash-salts. These manures 
having been harrowed in, the land is rolled, and then drilled with 
from 20 to 25 lbs. of seed per acre, in rows 18 inches apart, the 
plants being eventually set out to 10 inches apart. After drilling, 
the land is rolled again, and if necessary, in consequence of be- 
coming baked, it is harrowed about eight days afterwards. 
When the plants are about an inch high, the horse-hoe is 
passed between the rows ; and this operation is repeated five or 
six times during the summer. When the plants have three or 
four leaves, they are thinned out and singled by hand. Early 
in the summer they are cleaned, and the earth raked away from 
the roots, by women at about \0d. per day, each imperial acre 
occupying one woman from seven to ten days. About the end 
of June, or beginning of July, the roots are again covered with 
earth, by means of a horse-hoe, after which they require no 
farther attention until harvest-time. 
The beetroot harvest in this district generally falls about the 
beginning of October, and is done at from l%s. 6c?. to 22s. per 
acre, including pitting and covering w ith 12 inches of earth. 
Mr. Tranchell finds that the roots contain an average of 12 per 
cent, of sugar ; and he also informed me that most of the 
farmers from whom he purchases root3 do not claim their pri- 
vilege of buying back the pulp, an abstention that doubtless 
pays him very well indeed. The cost of manual labour in the 
cultivation of sugar-beet amounts to 3Z. per acre, on an average of 
300 imperial acres of this crop grown annually by ^Ir. Tranchell. 
Without going into fiscal matters, it may be worthy of mention 
that Mr. Tranchell's factory at Landskrona commenced work in 
1850, but that it remained the only one in Sweden until 1869, 
although many experiments were made in the interval in most 
of the southern and central provinces of the kingdom. In 1869, 
however, another factory was built near Stockholm, and was 
followed, in 1870, by one near Malmo, at Arlof ; and in 1871, 
by the one referred to near Wadstena, as well as by others near 
Halmstad and on the Ljung estate. In addition to these fac- 
tories, and as accessories to them, it has been attempted to carry 
out the process of manufacture in its earlier stages upon large 
farms, and to forward the crude product (Kalkzucker) to the 
factories for the completion of the manufacturing and refining 
processes. 
