Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 213 
rape-cake gives a better flavour to the butter, but that more than 
1 lb. per cow daily must not be given. 
In the summer the cows are kept in the byres during the earlier 
months, getting green clover or a mixture of oats, tares, peas, and 
barley (cut green). The heifers are never soiled, as they would 
not be so hardy under that treatment ; they are, therefore, turned 
out of doors as early as the season will permit, generally some 
time in April. 
Shorthorn heifers have hitherto been very rarely sold, as they 
are required to increase the proportion of pure Shorthorns in the 
herd. Bull-calves of pedigree descent are generally sold to Den- 
mark, the ordinary price being about 8 guineas per head at the 
time of birth, and 1 rd. (Is. l^c?.) per diem afterwards for keep. 
Of course, special prices are asked in the case of extra good 
animals. While the pedigree Shorthorns are preferred in Den- 
mark, the farming of which is nothing if not dairying, it is 
remarkable that in Sweden very few people will look at any- 
thing more " pure " than the Yorkshire dairy cross. This accounts 
for Professor Nathorst keeping both classes of stock. His legi- 
timate object is to provide for the wants of his customers, and he 
is not responsible for their taste or their wisdom. 
The average production of milk at Alnarp per cow, per annum, 
is for pure Shorthorns 500 gallons, but some of the best cows 
have given double that quantity, and Yorkshire cows an average 
of 800 gallons ; the price obtained for butter is, according to 
contract, fixed at rather more than 5s. per cwt. above the highest 
price quoted in the ' Berlinske Tidende ' at the time of sale. 
Professor Nathorst informs me, as the result of numerous experi- 
ments, that in order to get good milking cows of the pure Short- 
horn breed, it is necessary to keep them rather poor as heifers, and 
to bring them early to the bull. This treatment, however, reduces 
their size and weight, and the cows will never grow so large as 
their mothers. On the other hand, if the object be to rear meat- 
producing animals, then, by keeping them well as calves and 
heifers, and not putting them to the bull until 22 months old, 
they can rear Shorthorns as large and as heavy at the same age 
in Sweden as in England ; and under such treatment the breed 
shows no sign of degeneration. 
Some further information on Shorthorns, chiefly as meat- 
producing animals, is given in the account of Mr. Axel Dick- 
son's farm at Kyleberg (p. 231). 
Tondern Breed. — This is a Danish breed that has found con- 
siderable favour in Sweden, especially with the occupiers of 
heavy land ; as the male animals, on account of their large size 
and great weight in comparison with the Swedish, furnish good 
draught-oxen. It will be more particularly described in my 
