21S Ri'port OIL the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 
cost of its production, and partly to the expensive Swedish system 
of feeding young cattle during so long a period in the house, 
and therefore to so large an extent on hay. Both in England 
and in Sweden, the cost of rearing a two-year-old heifer is subject 
to a deduction on the score of the manure made in the house. 
According to the foregoing Table, the value of this would be 
about double its worth in England, the estimated manurial 
value of the hay alone being, according to Mr. Lawes, no less 
than 5/. 1(55. (7G cwt. at 1/. \Qs. 6r/), even if reckoned as meadow- 
hay instead of artificial grass ; while the straw, cavings, roots, 
and meal would add at least another 30s. to the estimated value 
of the manure.* 
Exportation of Swedish Cattle. — Gothenburg is the chief port 
from which cattle are exported from Sweden to England. They 
are chiefly oxen, but cows and calves are also sent. Arriving in 
Gothenburg, whether by rail or road, they are either put into 
the public lair, near the railway station, apparently a very well 
managed establishment, or they are taken to the private lairs 
belonging to the exporters, which are situated some distance 
from the town. The principal expoiter has a lair in which he 
can put up 300 head of cattle. When kept in the public lair 
until it is time to ship them, the exporters pay about 3^r/. per 
head of cattle per diem for lairage, and extra for food according 
to the season. In 1873 the charge for this item was about 10c?. 
per head per day, but in the following year it was nearly double. 
On the voyage the cattle get a little hay and water, the latter, I 
was informed, being rendered necessary by the imperfect venti- 
lation of the steamboats. I cannot avoid taking this opportunity 
of reiterating my opinion that all such steamers should be com- 
pulsorily furnished with blast-fan ventilators, driven by steam 
from the ordinary boiler. I have shown in my Report on the 
" Trade in Animals,"| that such appliances are easily added to 
existing steamers, and are at the same time cheap and effective. 
The commission-agent in Gothenburg is appointed by the 
Agricultural Society of the district, to which he gives a gua- 
rantee-bond of about 2750/., while the Society guarantees to the 
exporter the money which his beasts realise when sold. I was 
informed that the commission-agent is not allowed to charge 
the expfnjter more thanks, 'dd. per head of cattle, and about ()|(/. 
per head of sheep or pigs. The freight and other charges from 
* Lady Pi^ot quolcs figures I'uiuisilied lior by IMr. Ilugli Aylnii r, of AVest 
I-)<Ti-hiiin Abbey, showing thiit tlio cost of briiigiiig up a Shorthorn i<tccr (by a 
ix digrcju bidl out of a coiinuon bred tow), aml fiitteiiitnj it off at two years old. i> 
:55/. Ills. Sr?., subject to a deduction of 71. for value of the innnuro, and of '4J. foi 
milk of cow for threes uionlbs after the calf was weaned, leaving u net cost oi 
'2M . Hd. Vide 0]>. i il., \>p. (i t and 
t ' Jouru. Kuy. Agri. Soo.,' 2nd Series, vol. i.\. part 1, p. 23.'). 1873. 
