Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 
233 
Horses. — Bearing In mind what has already been stated (p. 198) 
as to the horse-power required to work a farm in Sweden, it 
will be interesting to ascertain the reduction of such force caused 
by the use of steam-tackle. Twelve horses and 16 working- 
oxen are used for working Kyleberg, and as the total amount of 
land under rotation is 554: acres, this gives an average of 5 draught- 
animals to every 100 acres under the plough. On an ordinary 
Swedish farm, 80 acres of this would be in bare fallow, and 240 
acres in seeds ; but on Kyleberg, only 27 acres are in bare fallow, 
and 144 acres in seeds. The staff of draught-animals is there- 
fore not more than two-thirds of the strength usual on large 
farms in Sweden, if we reckon only the land that needs horse- 
labour in each year. 
In summer the horses are fed chiefly on green tares and clover, 
with very little corn. In winter they get from 10 to 12 lbs. of 
oats (whole and crushed), and from 10 to 12 lbs. of hay per 
diem. The working-oxen get, in summer, tares and oat-straw, 
or some other green food, such as cut grass. In winter they get 
a few turnips, and about 10 lbs. of hay, otherwise 2 lbs. of oat- 
meal, 1 gallon of turnips, and as much straw as they can eat. 
Labourers. — When Mr. Dickson bought Kyleberg, the land had 
been cropped on the two-field system, half fallow and half corn, 
and the land was manured about once in 30 years. The labourers 
lived in hovels, and were paid in kind, giving so manv days' 
work for a stipulated quantity of each description of produce. 
It is unnecessary, however, to describe the difficulties which 
attended and obstructed the alterations made by Mr. Dickson, 
either in the course of cropping or in the treatment of the 
labourers. 
The labourers are now hired in July, for the twelve months 
commencing the following October, a system which is not unusual 
in those parts of Sweden where hired labour, properly so termed, 
is the general rule. Commonly the agreement stipulates for 
the payment of so much hiring-money, and so much wages ; but 
Mr. Dickson puts both sums together. His married labourers — 
16 in number — each get about 6/. 2^. 6c?. per annum in money, 
about 27 bushels of rye, ISJ bushels of barley, 3 cubic fathoms 
(of 108 cubic feet each) of wood per annum, and ^ kanna 
(rather more than 1 quart) of milk per day. His cattle-man 
receives 8/. 13s. 4c?. in money, the same allowance of rye, barley, 
and wood as the labourers, and twice the quantity of milk. The 
bailiff, the foreman, the smith, the carpenter, and every other 
grade of labourer, has his special scale of payment, some being 
very complicated. For instance, the smith (an important man 
on the farm worked by the only steam-plough in Sweden) 
