Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norioaij. 241 
The preceding details as to the number of cows and their 
production of milk refer to the autumn of 1874, while the fol- 
lowing are translated from Mr. O del berg's account of his farm 
for the year ending May 31st, 1874 : — 
" About 100 cows are usually kept. During the winter months tlie shod 
is filled with 108, and some dry cows are, besides, housed with the oxen. 
During the summer, on the other hand, the number is lessened to about 90, 
and calves are no longer bred, but the number is recruited by buying cows 
which have just calved. Formerly, when the milk could be sold in Stock- 
holm for a higher price, and the profit from the dairy could in consequence 
be more satisfactory, without considering too carefully the most profitable 
way to manage that branch of industry, breeding-cows were kept at Enskede, 
and several calves were yearly bred from these. At one time cows of Fries- 
land and Tender races were exclusively kept ; but, as before said, this mode 
of management, however pleasing and agreeable to the eye, had been obliged 
to be abandoned for one more profitable. 
" During the course of the financial year ending with the 31st of May last, 
the number of cows kept had been on an average 102, and the milk produced 
59,582 gallons, whereof 53,212 have been sold, and the rest consumed by the 
household and the families attached to the farm. The shifting of animals 
has been : — sold and killed, 2 bulls and 56 cows ; for which the dairy accounts 
have been credited with 662?. 2s. 3cZ. ; besides which, 1 cow died by sickness : 
4 bulls and 65 cows have been bought, for which 728Z. 4s. Gd. have been paid. 
The fodder used for feeding the cattle during that time has been — hay, and 
green fodder reduced to hay, 2449 cwts. ; groats and meal, 635 cwts. ; salt, 
37'8 cubic feet ; draff, the refuse product of 7515 cwt. of flour and groats ; 
and 11,200 cubic feet of potatoes, of which oxen and swine received a little 
more than J^th part." 
The following additional details are translated from the ' Cata- 
logue of Swedish Exhibits at the Vienna Exhibition' in 1873 : — 
" The live stock consists, besides draught-animals, of about 100 cows — in 
winter a few more, in summer a few less — 3 bulls, about 20 pigs, and some ■ 
jioultry Calves are not reared, but the number is kept up entirely by 
purchase, about one-third of the whole being annually sold out and others 
bought in to replace them. At the commencement of the last-ended financial, 
year, viz., on June 1st, 1871, the number of cows and bulls was 93, which 
together weighed nearly 800 cwt., or an average of 952 lbs. each. At the end of 
the same year there were 97 animals, having a total live weight of over 840 cwt., . 
or an average of 974 lbs. each. In that year an average of 100 animals had 
received, exclusive of straw and chaff, most of wliich had been used as htter, 
the following quantities of food: — Meal, 953 cwts.; hay, and green fodder 
reduced to hay, 2962 cwts. ; draff during six months, 385,920 gallons; linseed- 
cake, 42 cwts. ; and pasturage, corresponding to hay, 125 cwts. 
" The value of the draff is estimated at 20 per cent, of that of the raw 
materials from which it is obtained. These, in so far as they contributed to 
the usefulness of the draft" to the cows, were 3217 bushels of potatoes, 2939 
cwts. of rye-meal, and 2288 cwts. of barley-meal. 
" The total production of milk was 58,857 gallons, or an average of 588 
gallons per cow. All the milk was sold on the spot at 6Jd per gallon (28 
ore per kanna), which left a profit on all the cows of 194Z. 14s., or an average 
of 1/. 18.S. ll(i., after deducting the cost of fodder, labour, rent of land and 
cow-stall, and other items." 
In further elucidation of the mode in which the profit on the 
VOL. XL— S. S. R 
