244 Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 
Sweden, taking into account the various circumstances whicb 
have been described in the preceding pages. 
When milk is sold in a town the price varies from less thanr 
6</. per gallon to more than 'dd. (at Gefle), subject to certain 
expenses of delivery, or to cost of horses, house-room, firing, 
&c., supplied to the distributor. When it is made into whole- 
milk cheese, it may yield a maximum gross return of over Id. 
per gallon ; but on the one side must be deducted the cost o? 
labour, and on the other must be added the value of the whey ;, 
and, according to Mr. Swartz, the net return is not more than 
6(/. per gallon. When made into butter and skim-cheese the 
return may be as much as l^d. per gallon at the highest prices 
for butter and skim-cheese, subject to deductions as in the case 
of whole-milk cheese, and probably the net result would not be 
very different. 
It is, however, only in exceptional instances that the highest 
prices are obtained ; and those instances are where highly 
intelligent and educated men have both the capital to invest i» 
their business and the business capacity and energy necessary 
for its effective supervision. If ordinary cases were taken, a 
large deduction from the preceding figures would be necessary 
to represent the truth ; but, for the sake of simplicity, it will 
answer my purpose to assume that 6c?. per gallon represents the 
average net return which an ordinary Swedish farmer receives 
for his milk. 
The next question is, What does this milk cost to produce? 
and it is almost unnecessary to say that very few farmers can 
answer the question. We have seen, however, that in the year 
1865-66, Mr. Odelberg's milk cost him 6|(Z. per gallon, and 8cZ.. 
per gallon in the year 1866-67, after deducting the value of 
the manure. Mr. Odelberg remarks that the small quantity of 
draff available in those years both increased the cost of pro- 
duction of the milk and diminished its quantity ; therefore one 
would say, d fortiori, that on ordinary farms on which draff 
cannot be obtained, the cost of production must be greater 
than at Enskede. Then Mr. Odelberg takes care, by the judi- 
cious sale and purchase of cows, to keep up the average pro- 
duction of milk to 1000 kannor (576 gallons) per annum. 
What, therefore, must a gallon of milk cost to a man whose cows 
give an average of only 5^00 or 250 gallons per annum ! 
It is unfortunate that Mr. Odelberg's accounts, when they 
give the value of the fodder consumed, do not give the quantities ; 
and when the quantities are stated, as in the Vienna Catalogue, 
the values are not given. For the sake of comparison, however,, 
I have calculated the value of the last-mentioned quantities at 
the rates given by Mr. Swartz in estimating the cost of rearing 
