248 Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 
mountain-pasture in summer, both without payment. In Scane 
day-labourers get Is. Orf. per day in summer, rising to as much 
as 25. ?)d. per day at harvest-time. 
In Norway yearly labourers are also paid on the same system, 
near Christiania the payment being 45^. a month in money, 
house and wood free, 7^ bushels of rye, 7^ bushels of barley, and 
7J bushels of potatoes. Daily labourers obtain from Is. 9(Z. to 
2s. 2)d. per day in summer, and their cottage ; and Is. 9cZ. per 
day in winter, to as much as 3s. %d., when threshing, with Is. 4(?. 
for a woman to help. The sj'stem of land-payment also exists 
in a modified form : the peasant pays, say, from 5/. to 11. per 
annum for his house and farm of about 7 acres ; he works a 
stipulated number of days for his landlord, and is paid by the 
piece or the day according to arrangement ; the rest of his time 
he works for himself. 
The cost of farm-labour has increased very much in Sweden 
and Norway of recent j^ears, owing to the demand for labour on 
the railways, in the forests, and in mining and manufacturing 
industries ; but there does not appear to be any complaint of 
scarcity of hands. In the winter, the small farmers who possess 
no forests of their own work for those who do, and thus earn 
as labourers in the winter much more money than they gain as 
farmers in the summer. A highly-intelligent " peasant," so called, 
in Dalarne, told me that he cultivates about 36 acres of land on 
the usual seven-course system. He keeps 6 milch-cows, about 
4 young cattle, 2 horses, and 18 to 20 sheep. The cows go to 
the Saeter, with a maid-servant, in the summer. On Sundays, 
from 20 to 30 horses are tied up in his steading, and he 
sells hay to their owners, who have come with their wives and 
families to attend church at Leksand from almost incredible dis- 
tances. This man employs 6 labourers on his farm in summer ; he 
keeps 2 maid-servants and 2 men-servants all the year round ; and 
in winter, according to the season, he employs from 200 to 500 
men in his forests. There also he works himself, and keeps a 
shop for the sale of provisions to those of his workpeqple whose 
own supply has become exhausted. The wages vary from 2s. 9(?. 
to nearly 4s. per day, but there is also a great deal of piece-work. 
A man with a horse and waggon will obtain from lis. to 18s. 
per day, and this is how the small farmers turn the winter to 
profitable account. Their wives make clothes for the family 
from the wool of their own sheep ; they eat the food of their own 
growth, taking provisions with them into the forest in winter; 
and thus they sell next to nothing off their little farms, and buy 
those necessaries that they <lo not produce in the summer with 
the money that they cam by working in the forests in winter. 
The cottage of a Swedish farm-labourer contains, as a rule, 
