254 Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 
imported into Aas with an Ayrshire bull from Scotland. The 
bull arrived on September 21st, and the disease did not show itself 
until thebe ginning of November. One bull and one cow were 
killed, and seven other cows died of the disease before it finally 
disappeared. At the time of the Report to which I have been 
referring there were 31 students at Aas, 4 of whom received 
their education gratuitously ; 21 of these students belonged to 
the lower and 14 to the upper school. 
Another Norwegian institution of considerable interest is 
the Royal farm of Ladegaardsoen, close to Oscarshall, near Chris- 
tiania. The management of this farm reflects great credit on 
the steward, Mr. Tveter, and his responsible superior, the 
Chamberlain Hoist, a descendant of the inventor of the well- 
known Norwegian harrow. The farm consists of about 165 
acres under the plough, and the park of the royal demesne, 
which furnishes grass for the cows in summer. These are 
bought at about four years old, in-calf, at about 11, each. Old 
cows fetch nearly the same price as was given for them, if they 
are of the Thelemark breed, which is generally the case ; but 
Ayrshire crosses can be made fatter and make more money. 
The cows are kept in the house nearly all the year round, 
being fed in summer on cut grass, green vetches, and a little 
hay — from July 1st to September oOth, or thereabouts. The 
rest of the year they get hay and corn as already described on 
other farms. The calves are nearly all sold to the butcher at 
about 7s. each when a day or two old ; but some of the best are 
kept on a little while and sold for breeding purposes. 
The arable land is cropped with a view to the keeping of 
as many cows as possible, on the following seven-course shift ; 
(1) one-third bare fallow, one-third turnips or potatoes, and one- 
third green crop, such as vetches ; (2) rye after bare fallow, and 
barley after roots or green crop, both sown out with clover and 
grasses ; (3) and (4) grass cut twice each year ; (5) and (6) grass 
cut only once each year ; (7) oats. 
According to the official reports there were 39 cows on the 
farm in 1870, giving an average of 522 gallons of milk ; and 43 
in 1871, giving an average of 510 gallons ; but I Understood 
that 60 cows had been kept on the farm in 1874. The average 
price obtained by selling the milk in Christiania appears to 
have been 8|r/. per gallon in 1871, and about the same price 
during the years immediately preceding. This left a profit, 
according to the published accounts, amounting to 221/."; but 
those accounts do not show whether the rent of the 165 acres of 
arable land, the value of the grass from the park, and the interest 
of capital, «Scc., are taken into account in calculating the cost of 
the food given to the cows. The figures suggest that they are 
