Report on the Agriculture of Sweden and Norway. 259 
off a Swedish farm is not very large. In fact, I was frequently 
told that a small farmer does not sell produce of every kind to 
the amount of 1/. per acre per annum off his farm ; while on 
a well-managed large farm 3/. per acre may be considered a 
liberal estimate. In a few cases, where milk is sold at a high 
price to a neighbouring town, the return is larger, and no doubt 
the rent-value of the land is in proportion. For instance, Mr. 
Fogelmark, of Wall, near Gefle, who sells his milk at 9^r/. per 
gallon, realises 1220/. per annum for it, and sells corn to the 
value of 120/., being together an average gross produce of 5/. 
per acre. This gentleman's farm is one of the best agricultural 
schools that I visited. It must also be remembered that the 
labourers are paid in money, house, garden, and keep for a cow. 
In Scane the gross produce is larger than in the more northern 
provinces, the farms being more extensive and the climate better ; 
and an average of 4/. 10s. per acre is said not to be exceptional. 
The rent of land in Sweden and Norway is comparatively 
low, about 13s. per acre not unusually so ; while 1/. per acre 
is occasionally obtained for good land. In Scane the rents 
are higher, and I have been shown an exceptionally good farm 
rented at as much as 30s. per imperial acre. Tenant-farming is 
not, however, the rule in Sweden ; but where it exists, the land is 
usually held on a lease of ten years if from a private individual, 
and one of twenty years if held from the Crown. 
Mr. Dannfelt* has given the purchase value of land in Sweden 
at hi. to 13/. 6s. 8f/. per imperial acre, rising in Scane to over 
16/. per acre. Small lots of land, he says, cost 25 per cent, more 
than large lots. " The abundance of small occupations induces 
small farmers with insufficient capital to purchase them, in most 
cases at such a price that they have no money left to farm the 
land properly ; the result is that their profits are less than if 
they had rented a farm proportionate in size to the extent of 
their capital." With regard to leases, he observes that they 
" seldom contain any stipulations as to cropping. It is some- 
times covenanted that hay and straw may not be sold off the 
farm, and that no paring and burning shall take place ; however, 
at the present time the right of selling fodder is granted, 
especially on farms in the vicinity of mining districts and 
large cities, where the sale of fodder for horses is a profitable 
item." 
Conclusion. 
Swedish and Norwegian farming, as described in the pre- 
ceding pages, thus appears to be anything but a profitable 
- ♦ Vide ' Continental Fanning and Peasantry,' by J. Howard, M.P., Ridgway, 
1870, pp. 97 and 98. 
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