452 Report on Laying down Land to Permanent Pasture. 
movement. Its quick-growing, vigorous nature, and its spreading 
foliage, which shades the ground, and enables it to retain its 
moisture, and the better to withstand drought, are, no doubt, 
reasons for the increased popularity of this excellent plant. It 
is not surprising, therefore, to find that in this direction the 
eastern counties show a larger increase of artificial grasses over 
that which has taken place in the grazing counties, whilst in 
the latter the enlarged area of land laid down of recent years in 
permanent pasture is more marked. 
For the purpose of this Report, an elaborate series of questions 
was arranged by the aid of the Secretary of the Society, and for- 
warded to gentlemen who, we were led to believe, had either laid 
down land to permanent pasture, extended the area of artificial 
grasses, or laboured at improving their already existing grass 
lands. Their replies we have, where necessary, thrown into the 
form of letters, using, as nearly as possible, the precise words of 
the writers. Although, however, the plan of putting a direct series 
of questions to our correspondents was found the best system 
of obtaining information, the conversion of their replies into 
readable consecutive sentences was a matter of some difficulty. 
The method adopted will account for the want of freedom and 
literary style in many of the reports. Whilst from some scores 
to whom we applied no answers of any kind were received, w^e 
have to thank for their prompt courtesy those gentlemen who 
have furnished us with the following interesting communica- 
tions. 
Eepokts from the North of England and North Wales. 
Collated by T. Bowstead. 
1. Langton Field, Appleby, Westmoreland. 
I hold mj- fann of 863 acres on lease, under Sir Henry Tufton, Bart. It is 
cliiefly a light loam, with sandy subsoil, and is divided as follows : — arable, 
617 acres ; meadow, 15 ; permanent pasture, 196. 
I have not as yet put down any land for grazing purposes ; were I doing so 
I should take care to have it as dry as one requires it for tillage. 
Weather permitting, I should sow my permanent seeds in the month of 
April, without a crop, and when fit I would pasture with mixed stock. 
I consider that, by adopting a wider rotation of crops, I have increased the grass- 
liroducing area of my arable land to the extent of one-third ; that is, by sub- 
stituting a six-course (or sometimes even longer) for a five-course shift. This 
has diminished my horse-labour materially, and increased the stock of my 
farm by quite one-third. The land does, 1 find, become more foul under this 
practice ; but a deep ploughing, though it may cost an additional 10s. per acre, 
cleans it effectually. My permanent pastures and meadows I enrich by eating 
roots upon them, and by the application of artificial manures and of hme. 
I am satisfied that by this means they carry a great deal more stock, but ! do 
not here go into details. Elliott, Admiral 
