Report on Laying doion Land to Permanent Pasture. 461 
carting material, marling, or liming. It also secures to the tenant a return of 
half the cost of cake used in the last year of the term, and half the value 
of artificial manures applied upon grass land in the last year, provided such 
Jand be not mown. 
John Coleman, Agent. 
Miccall Sail, York, 
11. Bainesse, Cattekick, Yoekshiee. 
My farm extends to 500 acres, and in 1844 consisted of 380 acres of arable 
land, 20 acres of meadow, and 100 of permanent pasture. About half the farm 
is a gravelly and the rest a strong soil. The high price of stock and increased 
-cost of labour have induced me to lay down about 130 acres, chiefl}' without a 
crop of corn ; this I have done at an average expense of 101. per acre, not 
including the cost of seeds, which have been provided by my landlord. 
Having well cleaned the land in early summer, my plan has been to sow 
the seeds about the middle of July, applying at the same time 15 cwt. of 
bones per acre. The following was my mixture of seeds for a 12-acre field : — 
36 lbs. Meadow-grrass. 50 lbs. White Clover. 
36 „ Evergreen Eye-grass. 
60 „ Fescue. 
50 ,, Cocksfoot. 
60 „ Pacey's Eye-grass. 
50 „ Italian do. 
24 „ Alsike. 
24 „ Cowfjrass. 
12 „ Eed Clover. 
12 „ Timothy. 
I keep the seeds free from stock the first year, and afterwards depasture 
with cattle and sheep. 
I find that gi-azing pays better than ploughing, both on heavy and light 
-soils ; I can keep double the quantity of stock ; and the produce of the 
recently laid-down pasture increases as it acquires maturity. I have been 
able to diminish my horse and manual labour about one-third. 
With a view to the imj^rovement of my permanent pasture, I have con- 
sumed large quantities of cake, and part of ti e root-crop on it ; eating the 
remainder of the roots with cake, &c., where they grow, to avoid impoverish- 
ing the tillage-land, part of the farmyard-manure being applied to the gi'ass 
land, of which I mow from 20 to 30 acres once every year. 
John Outhwaite, 
12. Hai/TOn Castle Faem, neak Coebeidge, Noethumbeeland. 
This farm, the total extent of which is a little over 530 acres, is occupied 
by the owner. Sir Edward Blackett, Bart. The management is under my 
■direction. The soil is loam, of fair average depth. In 1865, owing partly to 
the remunerative prices obtainable for stock, but principally to the increased 
and increasing cost of labour, and with a view to letting the lands annually 
as grass-parks, by auction, it was decided to extend the quantity of pasture 
land, and since that date I have put down about 222 acres, the whole having 
produced most satisfactory results. 
I began the process in every field by draining thoroughly such parts of 
the land as required it, and then covering the oat-stubbles in autumn with 
clod-lime, at the rate of 12 tons per acre, and ploughing it in immediatelj'. 
In the following spring the land was properly cleaned and sown with turnips, 
manured as follows : — 15 to 18 cartloads of rotten dimg, 10 bushels of undis- 
•fiolved bones, 2 cwt. of Peruvian guano, and 3 cwt. of superphosphate, per acre. 
