A Joint-Stock Farm in the Netherlands. 191 
Roots are not fed on the land, but are carried and stored in 
October and November. After having been manured, the land 
is ploughed by horses ; in the spring it is harrowed and drilled 
with beans 14 to 16 inches apart, there being one row of carra- 
wavs between each row of beans. A little over 3 bushels of 
beans and about 5 lbs. of carraway-seed are used per acre. The 
carraway being a biennial plant, it does not give a crop the same 
year as the beans, but its after-cultivation is very economical, as 
it consists simply of horse-hoeing and hand-weeding. The only 
difficulty consists in harvesting the seed, as it is so liable to be 
shed, especially in sunshine or very dry weather. Consequently, 
so much seed is shed that it is generally found profitable to take 
a second, being a self-sown, crop on the same land the follow- 
ing vear. The crop amounts to from 10 to 12 cwts. of seed. 
The preparation of the bean and carraway stubble for wheat 
is the same as that just described in the case of the pea stubble, 
while for oats the wheat stubble is either steam-cultivated once, 
or ploughed two or three times by horses. Oats are sown 
towards the end of March, 2 bushels of seed per acre being used, 
and an average crop would be from 55 to 65 bushels. 
Cattle.- — There are 350 cattle of all ages, namely, 80 cows, 
about 80 feeding animals, viz. 20 cast cows, 20 heifers, and 40 
bullocks ; 40 two-year-olds, 70 to 80 yearlings, and 80 to 90 
calves. The calves drop all the year round, and the milk is sold 
in the neighbouring town of Goes at 8 cents per litre (about 
7jC?. per gallon). The bulls are either pure Shorthorns or a cross 
of Shorthorn and Dutch. The system is to take three crosses of 
pure blood and then to use a cross-bred bull. Mr. van den 
Bosch is now about to buy some North Holland cows, in order 
to get fresh Dutch blood. The cross-bred cows milk as well as 
the pure Dutch, and the production of milk in the herd averages 
about 600 gallons per head per annum, although he cannot put 
them on grass. His neighbour, with similar cattle, obtains 775 
gallons per head, as he has some good grass-land. The cows 
are milked morning and evening, and their food consists in 
winter of cut straw with pulped mangolds, beetroot pulp, and 
9 lbs. per diem of cakes made of ground linseed and pea-, bean-, 
and maize-meal, all steamed together and made into cakes on 
the farm. In the summer they go on the artificial grass. He 
finds hay the most expensive of all foods, and therefore has left 
off using it for cows, but reserves it for calves and young bulls. 
Calves never suck their dams, but get milk for three or four 
months, gradually more and more skimmed. 
S/ieep. — ^The flock generally consists of 850 ewes, as many 
lambs, and as many feeding sheep (including about 300 to 350 
cast ewes), thus making a total of about 2500 sheep. The 
