On Permanent and Tcmpora)-y Meadows and Pastures. 203 
materially to assist a second crop. The most convenient form to 
use for this purpose is " precipitated phosphate." 
On calcareous soils, and on those which have been dressed 
with marl, superphosphate may be used ; but where lime is 
deficient, this acid manure favours the development of certain 
plants, which it is desirable to avoid. By the use of " preci- 
pitated phosphate " this inconvenience is rendered improbable. 
To soils which reach or exceed •! per cent, of phosphoric 
acid, it will be unnecessary to add any. 
Lime. — If on analysis the soil does not show at least 5 per 
cent, of lime, it is absolutely necessary to give it a calcareous 
dressing before laying down to grass. This may be done 
either with marl or lime. jNIarl breaks up slowly, and its 
mixture with arable soil only takes place, little by little, under 
the influence of repeated ploughings, so that it is not suitable 
in the special case before us, as the soil will not be ploughed 
up again. Lime is infinitely to be preferred, since it readily 
• breaks up and has moreover a much more powerful action on 
organic matter than marl, due to the causticity which it retains 
sufficiently long to allow it to effect some useful reactions. 
The quantity applied should vary from 16 cwt. to 2 tons 
per acre, according to the more or less pronounced poorness 
of the soil in lime as ascertained by the analysis. 
For this purpose the dust of kilns, or limes of inferior quality, 
which are cheaper than that used for building purposes, may be 
used. 
The lime must be spread broadcast on the field some days 
before ploughing in. It soon disintegrates and falls to powder 
under the influence of atmospheric moisture or rain. When 
this has taken place, it can be ploughed in. 
Fossil phosphate and lime may be ploughed in at the same, 
time. 
Farmyard-manure. — If there is a supply of farmyard-manure, 
it is well to give the land a dressing of 21 to 26 cubic yards 
per acre before laying it down to grass. This manure will nourish 
the grain-crop which generally precedes the sowing down of the 
grass-land, and will afterwards supply a stock of useful ele- 
ments, the benefit of which will be felt for years. If the soil 
is heavy, it will moreover exert a very advantageous physical 
effect in lightening the soil. If no farmyard-manure is available, 
it would be desirable to add, to the manures and dressings 
which I have mentioned, some artificial manures to provide for 
the requirements of the first crops. 
Potash. — If the analysis shows a smaller proportion of potash 
in the soil than -25 per cent., it is necessary at the outset, and 
