42 Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the 
tion, and, consequently, it passes directly from the oesophagus into 
the fourth stomach. Its conveyance into this organ is effected by 
the muscular pillars of the oesophageal canal, which incontrovert- 
ibly proves that their function is to draw the opening of the 
third stomach towards the termination of the oesophagus, and in 
doing this thoy also approximate the entrance to the abomasum to 
the same part ; as in the young animal the opening may be said to 
be common to both these stomachs. The annexed sketch will 
show some of the peculiarities here pointed out. 
The aliment, having been sufficiently acted on by the gastric 
juice, enters the first intestine, the duodenum, where it undergoes 
the process of chylification, by which its nutritious parts are 
separated, and further prepared for the support of the animal. 
Fig. 8. 
a Tlie Liver I, The Pancrea.s. c, Tlie Pancreatic Duct. <f, Tlie Gall-Bladder. 
e, The Biliary Duct. /, The Duodenum. 
Chylification is effected by the commingling of two particular fluids 
with the chymous mass, and, like digestion, is essentially a che- 
mical action. The fluids producing this important change are 
tlie bile and the pancreatic juice, the former of which is secreted 
by the liver, and the latter by an organ called the pancreas. These 
secretions find -their way into the duodenum by the excretory 
ducts of the two glands, but their course and termination differ in 
the several animals we are describing. In the ox, as seen in the 
accompanying figure, the biliary duct, e, enters the intestine at 
some distance from the pancreatic duct, c. In the sheep the 
