The Management of Grass Land. 
27 
grass lands to admit of the water standing nearly level vviili the 
surface, which is preferable to irrigation at that season of the 
year. 
Few cattle, however, are depastured upon these lands during 
the winter months ; in some instances they are supplied with a 
stubble or straw stack, for the purpose of shelter. VVhere quick 
fences do occur in these districts, they are of a splendid cha- 
racter, being exceedingly thick and strong, and requiring no 
other attention than being kept within bounds. In some districts 
the plan is adopted of cleansing the hedge-bottoms and siding 
them up — thereby forming an efficient shelter for cattle during 
the cold months : these, when properly attended to, become very 
thick and matted, and are maintained at an easy rate. When 
gaps or thin places occur, they are stopped with suitable pales in 
place of the old plan of post and rails ; this plan effects a saving 
of much land, and an excellent and certain shelter is provided for 
the stock — an important point in their management. 
With regard to the dead fencing upon grass lands, such as 
gates, bullock and sheep pens, post and railing, &c., it is best in 
every case to place down good and seasoned wood, taking care 
that the new material shall be placed all together, and to mend 
with the inferior or surplus wood. When this system is adopted 
it is advantageous to apply paint of a cheap yet durable character 
to the gates and other fencing which may seem to require it, or 
will repay the outlay. 
II. — A Lecture on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology 
of the Digestive Organs of the Ox and Sheep. By James B. 
SiMONDS, Lecturer on Cattle Pathology in the Royal Vete- 
rinary College, London. 
My Lords and Gentlemen, — At the request of the Council of 
your influential and patriotic Society, I have the honour to address 
you this evening on a subject which is closely identified with the 
prosperity of agriculture, namely, the diseases of cattle and sheep. 
In the observations which I shall make, it will be my endeavour 
to use plain and familiar language, and to avoid as much as pos- 
sible technical terms. If, however, I fail to do this, and should 
need your indulgence, I venture to hope that it will not be with- 
held ; for my daily avocations ill adapt me to employ popular 
expressions in describing either the structure of a part or the 
nature of a disease. 
Cattle pathology, like every other division of medical science, is 
so extensive, that many lectures are necessary to explain its leading 
peculiarities ; and it is almost impossible to condense into one 
