East Riding of Yorkshire. 
101 
prudent, for a tenant of this part of the country to incur, where 
leases are ahnost unknown, and no security is afforded for heavy 
investments of this description. 
Of Iloklerness. — The soils of Holderness are so various, that all 
attempts to generalize the management pursued in this division of 
the Riding would be in vain. It has been stated that they are 
diluvial. The surface, however, is more clayey than otherwise, 
and the area occupied by the gravels and sands is very limited. 
The Carrs, of which the surface is peat, extend from Brigham to 
Tickton, and comprise nearly 17,000 acres. On these peaty soils, 
as well as on the sands and gravels, turnips are cultivated, and may 
be eaten by sheep, and this consequently involves the four-shift 
course. No soil is better adapted for the growth of rape than the 
peaty Carrs ; prodigious crops of it are here produced ; and it 
rarely fails unless the season be extremely dry. 
The general drainage of Holderness, effected under Acts of 
Parliament already mentioned, has afforded such an outfall for its 
surplus waters, that generally there is little difficulty in carrying 
out in any part of it a thorough system of under-draining. In 
many parts of it this has been done vigorously within the last two 
or three years — so much so, that turnip-culture has been intro- 
duced on some farms where previously the land produced nothing 
but a miserable stunted herbage, or was devoted to the old, profit- 
less, monotonous wheat, beans, fallow course, and hardly repaid 
the expense of cultivation. 
The advantages which follow from under-draining and a judi- 
cious course of cropping cannot be more strikingly demonstrated 
than upon a farm in the parish of Frodingham, N. Holderness, 
belonging to and occupied by P. Saltmarshe, Esq., of Saltmarsh, 
near Howden. His agent, Mr. Smith, has obligingly furnished 
some details concerning it. He says — 
" The management formerly adopted at Frodingham Grange m as the 
four-course system ; but, owing to the land being what is termed clover- 
sick, we have altered it as under, viz. : — 1, fallow for turnips ; 2, wlieat, 
oats, or barley (one-half of this sown with clover-seeds) ; 3, one-half 
seeds, one-half rape ; 4, wheat ; 5, beans, peas, or tares. We are all 
in the same dilemma as regards seeds : there is a general complaint 
about their failing. I hear of many persons pursuing the five-course 
(that of sowing what we call black ware), which I have not the least 
doubt will invigorate the plant. This farm is now all drained; we 
began with thorns, but soon came to the conclusion that tiles would be 
more advantageous in the long run. Where thorns were used the 
results were good for a few years ; hut the fields are now done with 
tiles about 18 inches deep. It is the fashion now to drain 4 feet deep, 
but our draining is so far satisfactory." 
Without venturing upon the controverted question of shallow 
