East Ridinr/ of Vorhs/nre. 
131 
" 1st year. Rape. — Drilled on the fiat 24 inches apart ; manured with 
2 cwt. of Peruvian guano, sown broadcast, and 24 
bushels of Hull ashes. 
" 2nd year. Wheat. — 9 inches apart ; 8 pecks of seed per acre. 
" 3rd year. Seeds. — 21 st. white clover, perennial parsley, trefoil. 
" 4th year. Oats. — 9 inches apart; 12 pecks of seed per acre. 
" 5th year. Beans. — Drilled 24 inches apart, on the flat, manured with 
10 tons of fold-yard manure per acre. 
" 6th year. Wheat. — As before. 
" The above is the usual mode of cropping my farm. Changes are 
occasionally resorted to: such as on the 1st portion, peas or tares; and 
on the 2nd, beans or rape, instead of seeds; and sometimes wheat sown 
after early turnips, and oats after seeds. 
" 3Iode of Cultivating. 
" Having described the rotation, I shall now mention the method of 
managing the different crops on the 2nd portion of my farm, as that 
contains the most land, and the cultivation of them differs but slightly 
from those of the other portions. 
" Turnips. — When the wheat-stubbles are cleared of their corn they 
receive a shallow ploughing (beginning with that part where swedes are 
to be grown), and are harrowed and cleaned, as far as weather will per- 
mit. The land then receives its winter ploughing. It is the custom of 
this neighbourhood not to plough deeper than 4 inches, however good 
the soil. I have, however, ventured to break through this custom ; and 
having ascertained by digging holes the depth of good soil, have put the 
plough in an inch deeper, and have not yet had cause to repent of my 
practice. About 100 acres have already been treated in this way. The 
land is cross-ploughed as early in spring as possible, and worked with 
drag and common harrows, and commonly gets no other ploughing until 
seed-time. The first crop of couch is led home to the compost-yard, the 
rest burned. About the last week in May, or first week in June, swede- 
sowing begins. The land is then formed into ridges 26 inches apart, 
single-horse carts depositing fold-yard manure at the rate of 8 tons per 
acre, with 1 cwt. of Peruvian guano, which is sprinkled on the manure 
whilst the carts are loading. Women follow to distribute the manure 
evenly in rows (when properly done it looks like a continuous flat rope), 
and it is immediately covered in by tlie ploughs ; then rolled, and the 
seed (^x lbs. of swedes, 2 lbs. of hybrids, and 2 lbs. of white per acre) 
deposited by Hornsby's two-rowed double-spouted drill, together with 
24 bushels of Hull ashes per acre (N.B. This Hull ash is collected from 
privies, containing night-soil, entrails of fish, &c.), and again rolled. 
Soon after the turnips come up they are horse-hoed; then singled out, 
the swedes and hybrids with 9-inch, the whites with 8-inch hoes ; and 
the horse-hoes kept constantly working among them as long as practi- 
cable. 
" About the end of November one-half the swedes and hybrids, if the 
crop be good, are taken up, topped, tailed, and led home, to be stored 
in long heaps, of a wedge form, and well covered with straw, for the use 
of the fold-yards. The rem.ainder are topped, tailed, and put into heaps 
K 2 
