344 Pleuro- Pneumonia amongst Cattle. 
The first and most constant symptom of this disorder is a 
cough of a dry or husky character, which may continue for a 
greater or less period before other symptoms of a more decided 
nature present themselves. The frequency and severity of this 
cough may be influenced by circumstances: for instance, I have 
observed when the animal is fed exclusively upon hay, straw, &c., 
or when it is lodged in a close ill-ventilated hovel, or turned into 
a low, damp, marshy spot, the cough has become aggravated, and 
other symptoms of the disease have more speedily presented them- 
selves. Again the age and condition of the animal appear to 
govern its duration in this stage of the disorder : I have observed 
it, in young and well conditioned animals, to continue longer than 
in those which are old and emaciated. 
I will now inquire what modifications of the healthy sounds 
may be detected in the chest in this stage of the malady. In the 
majority of instances no morbid sounds have been discovered ; but 
I have occasionally found a crepitation or rattling along the 
upper borders and bases of the lungs. In some cases the animal 
has been noticed to cough up now and then, and discharge by 
the mouth, a thick mucous secretion. 
I consider that the occurrence of this cough is an index to 
the commencement of a mild character of bronchitis, and which 
may exist for some time previous to the lung or pleura becoming 
diseased. Those symptoms which generally exhibit themselves 
at the time when the services of the veterinary surgeon are usually 
required, and which I consider indicate the second stage of the 
disease, are the following ; for the better description of which 
I will instance a milch-cow. If in a meadow with others, she is 
observed to separate herself from her companions and to be gene- 
rally lying down whilst the others are feeding, with an aspect spirit- 
less and haggard, staring coat, surface of skin rigid, and almost 
immoveable over the ribs, increased temperature of horns, muzzle 
dry, back somewhat raised, head projected forwards and inclined 
downwards, impaired appetite, and rumination partially or totally 
suspended ; pulse increased in frequency and oppressed, pressure 
on ribs and spine produce flinching, respiration quickened, and 
accompanied by a peculiar grunting and grating of teeth ; which 
symptoms of pain are aggravated upon coughing, as also upon any 
alteration of the position of the animal ; decreased secretion of milk 
with alteration of colour, being usually of a yellowish cast; it 
sometimes coagulates when boiled ; tenderness of udder and teats 
upon being milked ; bowels costive, and, when moved, the faeces 
are hard and lumpy; urine scanty and paler than natural ; cough 
short and frequent, and increased upon exertion. 
Upon applying the ear gently to the sides of the chest, so as 
not to frighten the animal, one or other is found to be affected. 
