Pleuro-PneumoJiia amongst Cattle. 
34^ 
and the right much more frequently than the left — sometimes, 
though rarely, both are implicated — but whichever lung be affected, 
the respiratory murmur in the other becomes louder and coarser 
than usual ; the sound on percussion is natural. 
On the affected side, if the pleura should be inflamed coinci- 
dent with the lung or a portion of it, a peculiar crackling or fine 
crepitus is audible ; this is limited to a small space in the beginning ; 
but as the disease advances it becomes more diffused : this crepitus 
at first may be mingled with the ordinary respiratory murmur, 
which it nearly obscures; as the inflammation advances, it becomes 
more and more decided, until at length no respiratory murmur 
whatever can be heard throughout the part or parts occupied by 
the crackling. As the morbid action proceeds, the crepitus 
gradually disappears, giving place to other sounds : one of a 
puffing or blowing description may be heard during inspiration, 
as if confined to the bronchial tubes, and when the animal grunts 
or coughs the sound is conveyed directly to the car. These 
sounds are most distinctly heard when the inflammation is con- 
fined to the upper and anterior parts of the lung, and when no 
eff'usion has taken place into the cavity of the pleura. 
At the same time, and in variable spots, another symptom 
presents itself to the ear, viz., that of friction or rather creaking : 
this sound may be heard both on inspiration and expiration, but 
is more pronounced during the former ; it is very inconstant, 
both as regards its duration and locality ; for instance, we have 
heard it most distinctly in one particular spot one day, when no 
trace of it could be detected in the same place on the following. 
On striking the affected side at this stage of the complaint a 
dull sound is usually elicited to a greater or less extent ; but this 
will depend upon the amount of lung that has become inflamed, 
and the presence or absence of fluid in the chest. 
These sounds offer various modifications accordingly as the 
pleura or substance of the lung itself is most inflamed ; thus, if 
pneumonia predominates, the creaking is but slightly if at all 
heard, and the dulness on percussion is not so flat and general; 
while, if a larger proportionate amount of pleurisy exists, bronchial 
respiration, bronchophony, and the rubbing sound may be heard, 
while little or no crepitation is audible ; a marked difference is 
also observed on percussion, the dulness is more defined and dead, 
and principally confined to the lower parts of the chest owing to 
the presence of fluid, which, in all cases we have examined, has 
become rapidly and abundantly eff"used when much pleurisy 
existed. 
Should the animal survive this state, which it seldom does, the 
third and last stage of the disorder now rapidly sets in, and we 
may be certain of its existence when we observe a death-like 
VOL. IX. 2 A 
