394 Report on the Exhibition of Implements 
soil. A scarifier therefore ought to work with two or at most 
three horses, and may be made light and cheap. Thus it is plain 
that every farm of any size oug^ht to be provided with both 
cultivator and scarifier, as it now is with heavy and light harrows. 
The temptation is no doubt strong to purchase one of the 
hybrid implements previously mentioned, in the expectation that 
by setting it a little deeper than is required for scarifying, it may 
supersede the apparently cumbrous four or six-horse implements. 
This is, however, short-sighted policy, and can only end in dis- 
appointment. Stubbles, from having remained unstirred during 
the summer months, are always firm and solid ; and though the 
degree of hardness of different soils varies much, there is not by 
any means a corresponding difference in the amount of power 
required to break them up, as the lighter the land, the deeper 
the roots of the couch-grass will go, and the great advantage of 
using the cultivator rather than the plough is, to work below the 
roots of the couch-grass, and bring up the bunches unbroken 
If land be broken up by the cultivator when moist, it may be 
done with at least one hoise less than when dry, but whether the 
land be heavy or light, wet or dry, it will always require a strong 
implement and a powerful team to work up the couch-grass with 
unbrohen roots on iinploufjlied land. The owner of a hybrid three- 
horse cultivator will admit that he cannot bring up the whole of 
the roots, but says that he " gets the greatest part of them out." 
This may be true enough, but the result of such half measures 
is, that instead of removing the root weeds by one operation, he 
does but give a treacherous appearance of cleanness to his fallow, 
which will induce many an incautious or slovenly farmer to slur 
over the subsequent cleaning processes, though his land is full 
of short twitch. 
It has been suggested that if a farmer possess a good " culti- 
vator," he requires no other " scarifier." Doubtless a cultivator 
should be capable of acting as a scarifier on occasion, and the 
occupier of a small farm would of course not "purchase both im- 
plements, but after the land has once been thoroughly broken 
up by an effective cultivator, many of the subsequent opera- 
tions may be equally well performed by a lighter implement, 
and the weight which gives steadiness when breaking up hard 
land, is an unnecessary burden to the horses when the land is 
rough and loose. A light scarifier would work pleasantly with 
three, and in some cases with two horses, on a bean stubble or a 
loose fallow ; when a cultivator, which covered no more land, 
would be quite work enough for four. Both implements there- 
fore have their proper place, and the object of the writer is 
accomplished if he lias succeeded in showing how desirable it is 
that the names -of the implements, the classes in which they are 
