432 
Management of Cattle. 
animal, he will seek shelter whenever it is required or is neces- 
sary for his comfort. 
Whichever plan may be adopted, I believe one or two very 
sim])le rules are applicable to each : — Warmth, that is shelter 
from wind and rain, cleanliness, a good lair, quiet and undis- 
turbed repose when the animal is disposed to take it, and, as 
far as practicable, supplying the food in small quantities, care- 
fully rejnoving out of the bins or mangers all soiled or rejected 
food. Salt in moderate quantities is much relished by cattle; it 
promotes digestion and is productive of health. 
The females of the crossed Short-horns, which I have before 
alluded to, are in great request; and on examining the extensive 
dairies around London and other large towns^ we shall find a 
large proportion of Short-horn cows. These are free from the 
objection which is urged against the high-bred Durhams as to 
milk, and are found to produce perhaps the largest quantity of 
milk per day of any breed in existence. The quality of their 
milk, it is true, is not so rich as that of the Ayrshire, the North 
Devon, and the Alderney cow ; but, in the dairies alluded to, 
quantity and not quality is the great object souglit to be attained. 
The arrangements in these establishments are worthy of notice. 
The cows, several hundreds in number, are kept in stalls tied up 
by the head, and are never turned out for any purpose. The 
utmost cleanliness prevails, and the animal is regularly brushed 
and cleaned like a horse. Hay forms a considerable portion of 
its food, but roots and grains are used for their milking pro- 
perties. 
The Holderness breed, which requires 1o be noticed as one of 
the Short-horn class, strongly resembles the old Yorkshire, except 
that it is larger and rather lighter of bone, and altogether a better 
fleshed animal. It has been asserted that they were originally 
brought from Holland. The cows of this breed are profuse 
milkers, and used to be eagerly sought after by the London dairy- 
men. They have, however, latterly been much crossed by the 
Durham bulls ; and the old-fashioned Holderness cow is far more 
rarely to be met with than formerly. 
The Herefords, which are sometimes called the rivals of the 
Short-horns, are principally found in Herefordshire, parts of 
Shropshire, Worcestershire, and Breconshire, and on the borders 
of Radnorshire and Montgomeryshire. There are also large and 
valuable herds of them in many other counties, but chiefly in the 
hands of noblemen and gentlemen. The colour is red, with a 
white or mottled face, the horns long and turning upwards, the 
hair smoother, shorter, and, if anything, harsher than that of the 
improved Short-horns, whilst the hide is generally thicker. In a 
well bred Hereford there is also no want of good flesh and 
