Manar/cmcnt of Cattle. 
4-11 
The nnanan;ement of tlic il;iii y thr()u<rlH)ut tlie Principality exhi- 
bits nothing remarkable ; and breeding and rearing are conducted 
upon no particular system. In the choice of their male animals 
the Welsh breeders are very careless ; and if a bull be a sure 
stock-getler, all other deficiencies in him are entirely overlooked. 
The cows, too, .are more valued for their milk tlian any other 
quality — and, in fact, that is too often the only qualification 
attended to. The calves are weaned at all ages; from ten days 
to six weeks. They are then fed on skim milk or gruelj with the 
addition in some instances of small pellets of barley-meal, peas, 
&c. As soon as the grass is sufficiently forward, they are turned 
into some small enclosure, where they remain until autumn ; and 
after a run over the stubbles they are put upon a short allowance 
of hay, which carries them through the winter. 
Much negligence is exhibited in the manner in which yearlings 
and young stock are generally wintered. They are either exposed 
to the cold winds and storms of the mountains, or, if housed at all, 
are huddled together in close, dark, ill-ventilated hovels, and en- 
tirely deprived of exercise, which is so essential to growing animals. 
Open straw yards are almost unknown, and the manure, when re- 
moved from the hovels, generally lies scattered about in small 
heaps, to be dried by the sun and washed by the rains. 
But few of these cattle are grazed in their native country ; the 
greater portion being driven to the richer pastures of England, 
where they are fattened upon one or other of the systems already 
described. 
The northern part of our island has long been famous for its 
breeds of cattle ; and it is frequently a matter of astonishment to 
see the immense droves which annually pass the Scottish border 
from their native hills to the rich pastures of a more fertile 
district. 
The Galloways, or, as they are frequented called, polled Scots, 
constitute one of the most important native breeds of Scotland. 
They are reared most extensively in the Lowland districts, and are 
considerably larger than the Highland Scot, with less hair, and 
with greater milking properties ; although the quantity of milk is 
not great, it is rich in butter. When of the right sort the Gallo- 
ways are quick feeders, especially the spayed heifers, of which a 
considerable numlier annually find their way into England. A 
good Gallowaysho uld have a long kind head and thick chine (in 
the latter point many of them are very deficient), plenty of long soft 
hair, and the best of flesh under it. It has been remarked, and 
with considerable truth, that the Galloways which come south- 
wards are not so good as formerly; and instead of the animal just 
ilescribed, there are too many to be seen of a very opjiosite cha- 
racter — short, thick heads ; thin, bad chines ; short, wiry hair ; 
VOL. IX. 2 G 
