Management of Hops. 
537 
Read's subsoil jnilvoiizcr, wliicli has obtained several prizes from 
the Society, is the best I have seen for that purpose. Some 
planters plough two furrows deep, bringing the under furrow 
over the top one; but there is no advantage attending that (as 
the same or less strength of horses required for two furrows at 
the same time will plough up one of equal depth to both), un- 
less on meadow or pasture ground, and then it is necessary to 
plough two furrows deep to bury the top sward, that it may decay 
and not vegetate between the furrows, skimming it off to the 
depth of 3 or 4 inches, and then ploughing the second furrow to 
a depth of 10 or 1 1 inches more, and turning it over on the top 
of the other, making together the aforesaid depth of from 12 to 
14 inches; and then to follow with the subsoil-plough as there 
stated. The cost of this mode, as here calculated, is — 2 horses and 
man to skim off the turfs, at 8s. per day ; if a boy to drive the 
horses single on the edge of the f urrow (for it would not be so 
well for horses to walk in the furrow, treading the ground that 
has been pulverized and raised up with the subsoil-plough), 6r/. 
per day more ; 6 horses, man, and boy, to plough up the bottom 
furrow, 1/. \s. per day; 3 horses, man, and boy, with the subsoil- 
plough, IO5. &d. per day: altogether 21. Is. per day. But as the 
three operations must all be going on at the same time, there is 
a hindrance in following each other ; in case of either having to 
stop, it hinders the whole, and they are longer turning at the 
ends than one plough alone ; so that 3-4ths of an acre per day is 
as much as would be done, which, at 2/. Is. per day, amounts to 
2/. I4s. Hd. ; allowing lor wear and tear, and forging shares, 
coulters, <Scc., 3/. per acre would be ample for every expense : 
on arable land, where the turf-skimming is dispensed with, it 
would save l-5th of the above; leaving the cost 2Z. 8s. per acre. 
Trenching will cost from Sd. to 12rf. per square superficial rod ; 
and where the soil is stony and gravelly, so as to require a great 
deal of it to be pecked with a mathook or pick, it would be more ; 
calculating the average price at \0d. per rod, is 6/. 13s. 4(/. per 
acre, making a difference of moie than half; but as in ploughing 
there would be headlands left, where, from their approximation to 
hedges, there are roots running out from the trees and underwood, 
on newly broken up land, those headlands requiring trenching 
would add to the expense 6s. or 7s. per acre more, making on 
newly broken up meadow or pasture about half the expense of 
trenching ; but on arable land, where there is not that difficultv 
to contend with, the expense is little more than l-3rd of trench- 
ing. Where only a small plantation is to be raised, and the 
planter has not sufficient strength of horses to carry on the work 
as it requires altogether, his plan is to trench; for, as 1 before ob- 
served, it is the best mode when well executed ; for as there is 
VOL. IX. 2 N 
