182 
Italian Irrigation. 
Estimated Cost of the Caluso Canal. 
£. s. d. 
1. Value of the land occupied by the canal and banks 1,66G 13 0 
2. Excavation 8,125 0 0 
3. Temporary dam, bead channel, banks, and head 1,458 6 0 
4. Eegulator, escape, divider of Castellamonte and 
guard-house 1,006 13 0 
5. Tunnels of San Giorgio and connecting aqueduct 12,500 0 0 
6. Bridges and bridge canals in masonry .. .. 3,541 13 4 
7. Bridges in wood 41 13 4 
8. Aqueducts of v^'ood across canal 50 0 0 
9. Walls and fall of Cassone 116 13 4 
10. Ketaining-walls of masonry 1,250 0 0 
11. Retaining-walls of stone 1,666 13 0 
12. Planking 50 0 0 
13. Paving of the bed 625 0 0 
14. Dividers of Arre, Mandria, &c 1,075 0 0 
15. Sundry expenses of various kinds 1,075 0 0 
Total 34,908 5 0 
or rather more than 1700Z. per mile. 
For a large canal this is probably a moderate estimate, though 
in several cases the Government bought private canals at the rate 
of lOOOZ. per mile. 
On the other hand, where the Government has been induced 
to grapple with a task of unusual difficulty, and to execute it 
thoroughly or even magnificently, the results have been far more 
costly. 
The western canal from the Bormida, commenced by a private 
company, and completed and opened by Government under the 
name of Canal Charles Albert, cost in all 42,000/., or 2800/. per 
mile, for a channel 15 miles long, 16^ feet broad, and 6 fpet deep 
below the surface of the soil. The income (1500/. a-year) which 
is in great measure derived from mill-rents, after the deduction of 
250/. for repairs, barely pays 3 per cent, on the outlay, and is 
never likely to exceed 5 per cent. » 
W\.— The Canal of Pavia. 
From the time of the capture of Pavia by Milan, in 1359, a 
watercourse seems to have been designed to connect these towns, 
which was called liie New Canal, in 1411. The various masters 
of Milan all saw the importance of connecting that city with the 
Po by a navigable stream, and most of them attempted, but all 
failed to realise this design. Finally, this the most splendid 
work of modern Italy owed its origin to a stroke of the pen of 
Napoleon I., who in June, 1805, as King of Italy, decreed as 
follows : — 
" The can<al from Milan to Pavia shall be made navigable. 
