276 
Reclaiming of Waste Lands. 
tig-litest ciiain worked first, and when that had pulled down its 
tree, the chief strain fell upon another chain, and brought it 
into full play, and so on till all had done their work. It 
required three men to assist in this labour. After paying all 
the expenses attendant on felling and hewing the trees, stripping 
the bark, making the faggots, carting the timber according to 
agreement with the purchasers, and several other charges con- 
nected with this department, there remained a clear balance of 
16,5317., which is shown in the preceding table (page 275), where 
also each item of expenditure is clearly set out. 
Gruhhinr/ the Land, — When the timber and brushwood had 
all been cleared away, much heavy work remained to be done ; 
in many places a complete network of roots spread through the 
soil, and the hard, tough, stumps of trees that had been formerly 
felled, also remained in the ground. All these impediments 
caused serious hindrances to the men employed in grubbing ; 
but stout tools, and the strong arms of Englishmen, are seldom 
overcome by difficulties. At a cost of 6233/. 10s., or rather less 
than 2)1. 10s. per acre (including superintendence), this part of the 
work was accomplished ; some of the roots Avere carried away to 
serve as fuel for the cottagers near; but great quantities were 
burned on the land, rough firewood in the district having become 
so abundant, that it was not considered worth the expense of 
cartage. The following table gives the particulars : — 
Cost of Gruhhing 1903 Acres of Forest-land to render it Jit for Cultivation. 
£. s. d. 
Labonr and materials, including the purchase of) r^^-^^o g g 
Fowler's machine, and ot" horses to work it .. .. ) 
Survej-ors charges, and waucs of Local Supeiinti ii<lfiit ) ^^j^ ^ ^ 
and Foreman J 
C303 12 6 
Cr. Machine and horses sold 70 2 6 
Total expenditure in grubbing C233 10 0 
Fcncim/.— The Commissioners had fenced the public roads 
with dry stone Avails ; the fences required to divide the land into 
farms were made with white -thorn quicks ; first, lines were 
drawn in the recjuired directions, and tlie ground was trenched 
about 3 feet wide, two rows of cpiicks (200 to a chain) Avere 
then planted on the level, and they Avere protected from injury 
by rough posts and rails on each side ; the Avhole of this Avork, 
including mat(!rials, cost 28s. per chain. The contractor was 
bound by his agreement, to keep the young hedges clean, and 
the posts and rails in substantial order, for five years after com- 
