416 Five Years Progress of Steam Cultivation. 
every particular. No secrecy has been observed with respect to 
Mr. Smith's crops ; they have been valued by hundreds of 
admiring visitors, and their actual yields published from time 
to time. Mr. Smith puts the increase, he says, "fairly" at 8 
bushels of corn per acre on 56 acres, or half of the land ; that is, 
at say 40s. per quarter, 112Z. The increase of roots and clover 
he estimates at 30Z. : or 142Z. altogether. Added to the money 
saving by displacement of teams, we have thus a total gain of 
230Z. Is. per annum, or, with the extreme charge for the whole 
use of the macliinery, 160Z. Is. The additional capital invested 
in the business to create such proceeds, is as follows := — The 
apparatus costs (to Mr. Smith's customers) 509Z. ; and three horses, 
with implements, &c., being sold off at 45Z. each, or 135Z., leave 
374Z. required to start the steam-cultivator. And hence it appears, 
that a 374Z. mortgage on the apparatus can be swept off in a year 
and a half to a little over two years (according as work is or is 
not done for other farms beside), by working only 100 acres in 
19 days per year. 
The tenant is not the only party benefited (beside the labourers, 
who get better pay). The soil is improved, its character per- 
manently changed ; I have examined it more than once, and 
from the greatly increased depth and porosity of the staple and the 
evidences of its fertility manifested in the crops, from Dr. 
Voelcker's high chemical character of the ameliorated soil, and 
the judgment of the many practical farmers who have been to see 
for themselves, I can readily endorse the opinion of those who 
consider the fee-simple of the farm to have been raised by steam 
cultivation to the extent of 15Z. per acre. ]\Ir. Smith informs me 
that in consequence of the improved condition of the farm the 
Parochial Assessment Committee (appointed under 25th and 
26th Victoria, cap. 103) have " shoved it up 10s. per acre over 
a very fair rate made sixteen years ago by a gentleman sent down 
by the Tithe Commissioners to value and assess the tithes of the 
parish, on which valuation the rate was based." Out of his 
profit of 230Z. as occupier, ^Ir. Smith may well pay 56Z. of raised 
rent to himself as landlord ; and in his case it may be said that 
proprietor and tenant have jointly invested capital in the steam 
cultivator. But of course a bona fide tenant cannot be expected 
thus to raise the annual value of his landlord's property 10s. per 
acre, without any equivalent ; and, indeed, Mr. Smith would 
have been utterly unable to improve his farm as he has done, had 
he been pestered with an undue proportion of fences and timber, 
eaten up with four-footed game, cramped by restrictions as to 
management, or without confidence or security in his tenancy. 
By no means let increased rental from steam ploughing be 
