as a Manure for Turnips. 
65 
water and the acids of the soil, produce improved results (compare Nos. 
4 and 5) ; and that by taking away the animal matter totally (as in No. 
3), or partially (as in No. 2), the immediate action of the earthy part 
is encouraged. (See appearance of crop, 1st August.) In every case it 
will be seen, by reference to the ' Summary of Results,' &c., that 
where the union of the two is least meddled with, the action of the bone 
is slowest; for instance. No. 5 (bones in the rough state) inch) give 
throughout worse results than bones in any other form. That this is 
owing to the slow yield of phosphate, &c. the other cases show. This 
result is in perfect conformity to the well-ascertained facts alluded to in 
the introductory part of this paper — that oil has a preservative effect 
upon the bone, and that (rerfc Analysis, Johnston's Lectures, p. 657) 
it must escape before the earthy part can be separated and made use of. 
6 and 7. That this injurious influence may be counteracted, 
and the united action of the two main constituents promoted for 
the present crop, hy reducing the bones to as fine a state of 
division as possible. 
Tht fact here stated is proved by a glance at the comparative results 
of the bones in different states of division, No. 1 (crushed), No. 4 (pul- 
verized), and No. 5 (^ inch rough), the results from which are respec- 
tively 10 tons 3 cwt., 10 tons 14 cwt., and 7 tons 15 cwt. The 
rationale of this effect has already been explained. 
8. That either sulphuric or muriatic acid may be employed 
with extraordinary success as a means of facilitating the action of 
the constituents of the bone. 
A reference to the results will best explain this extraordinary success 
of the application — success so great, that one-fourth the quantity of 
bones usually employed have an effect, if applied in the manner pro- 
posed, equal to that of the most liberal application. 
On the Practical Application of Bones as a manure for the turnip 
crop, we learn — 
1. That the total benefit to the crop arising from fresh bones, 
in a favourable state for application, is greater than from the same 
quantity of bones from which the animal matter has been ex- 
tracted ; that boiled bones (that is, the same quantity of the fresh 
bones reduced to a less weight by boiling) are a little quicker in 
their influence ; and that the same weight of fresh bones, reduced 
by burning to a still less weight, are more immediate in their 
operation, but fail slightly in their later effects. 
A glance at the particulars in the summary will show this. The 
cause has been shown in the theoretical results deduced. The fresh 
bones must, however, be in a fine state of division to be in the ^ favour- 
able state" alluded to. ( Vide No. 4.) 
2. That the turnip grower should use dry bones, i.e. boiled or 
burnt bones, or any other from which the animal matter has 
partly escaped, when he purchases by tceiffht, as he will in that 
VOL. VI. F 
