128 On reducing the Cost of permanent Drainage. 
Several of these farmers have under-drained lands again which 
were previously shallower drained ; and they agree in stating the 
beneficial result^ in every case, to have equalled their expectation, 
and to have quickly repaid the cost, I would advise any farmer, 
desirous of using his own eyes and understanding, in judging of 
the action and effect of these small and deep pipe-drains, to make 
the round of the farms quoted. He will find a set of as intelligent 
agriculturists as Britain can produce, a lovely country, clay to his 
liking, but no water on its surface, and no excess in it. I also 
engage him to visit, in addition, Mr. Thomas Spencer, of Park 
Farm, Wrotham, Kent, who will show him fields which he has 
successively drained 2 feet, 3 feet, and 4 feet deep, and who will 
explain to him the progressively increasing fertility which he has 
found to result, in the same field, from the removal of water to a 
progressively greater depth below the surface. 
In addition to the facts recorded in the table touching pipe- 
drainage, I have inserted two cases of the cost of stone-drainage 
in Somerset ; and here again it must be remembered that the cost 
of stone-draining very much depends on that of the material, and 
on the distance to which it has to be drawn. I have very lately 
visited Devonshire, and found that stone-drainage has cost on the 
estate of Earl Fortescue from 5/. to 10/. per acre, the drains not 
reaching 3 feet in depth; and I received all particulars of the 
drainage of a considerable farm by a tenant of Sir T. D.Acland's, 
Bart., near Exeter, which cost betneen 11/. and 12/. per acre. 
In this last case the drains varied in depth from 3 feet to 3 feet 
6 inches. Horse- shoe tiles were used in the bottom, costing 35s. 
per thousand, and these were covered with stone, the carriage of 
which alone amounted to 4/. per acre. The drains were laid 33 
feet asunder. The trenching a very compact gravelly clay cost 
from lOf/. to Is. per rod. The drainage of the whole of the arable 
land of this farm was executed at Mr. Burdon's (the tenant) own 
charges ; and 1 have thought this instance worthy of record as a 
proof of the estimation in which draining is held by an admirable 
farmer, undaunted by its cost, as well as an instance of enormous 
waste of money. 
It will be understood that the column of the table entitled 
" total cost of drains per acre,^' does not give the actual cost to the 
draining tenant. This has to be increased by the difference be- 
tween the price he paid for his pipes and 6s. per thousand 
assumed by me as their cost to a landlord making his own pipes 
by the liost machine, and in a well-arranged tilery. For example, 
Mr. Hammond paid 21s. per thousand for his pipes, so that their 
actual cost to him, in case No. 1, was 27s. Ur/. per acre, instead of 
7s. 1 \ d., malving the total cost of that drainage, to him, 21. 7s. 
per acre, and No. 5 cost him 21. 4s. lid. per acre; whereas the 
