On Improvements effected htj Drainimj. 
'235 
as well as the distance apart, suitable to the nature and kind of 
strata, as the variety of soil requires. 
All ditches are now soughed, and there is no loss of ground ; 
and to the extent now completed there is no failure. 
The subsoil plough has been worked with great care to its 
full depth of 1 5 inches, over all the arable land that has hiiherto 
come in course. From the commencement of the subsoil plough- 
ing, and after one course of tillage, deep ploughing has followed 
— the first time from 9 to 12 inches ; and the land now in turnips, 
being the second course, was ploughed last January from 14 to 
15 inches, so that the full depth of soil is brought gradually into 
action, with the most beneficial result, not only as to great in- 
creased produce, but eradicating all weeds : of this I can speak 
with great satisfaction ; remarks to this effect have been particu- 
larly made by gentlemen visiting the farm. The increased pro- 
duce will show the good effect of such cultivation — the whole of 
the arable land is now cultivated for turnips in the four and five 
course system. Previous to your taking the farm in hand, little 
clover or turnips were grown, and nearly all the arable land 
summer-fallowed in the course. The turnips and clover have 
been very successful, and the whole is now cultivated upon a flat 
surface, without furrow or gutter. Great advantage is obtained 
by the deep ploughing succeeding the subsoil plough ; by doing 
it gradually it gives a depth of soil for the crop to work in. The 
produce of turnips and clover has been the means of maintaining 
a large flock of sheep, which has very much aided the improve- 
ment of the arable land, as from one-half to two-thirds of the 
turnips are consumed on the ground. The sheep have done 
exceedingly well, and not an instance of one rotten. The other, 
part of the turnips are consumed in the fold-yard and stalls to 
feed cattle and young stock. 
The manure hitherto made use of has been 1 hogshead of Poit- 
levin's disinfected, bones, street-sweepings from Ludlow, lime, 
and fold-yard manure : the above manures were used in an expe- 
riment for turnips and barley, 1841 and 1842 (see Journal, vol. 
iv. p. 117) ; clover, 1843, which was mown, produce estimated 
at 30 cwt. per acre ; there was not the least difference visible in 
the crop. Tlie field was sown with red clover, G lbs. to the acre ; 
white Dutch, 8 lbs. ; and 1 peck of rye-grass. The red clover 
failed throughout the field, the white Dutch and rye-grass were 
very good, and the different manures did not make any variation. 
Bones are continued to be used for turnips, at the rate of half a 
ton to an acre upon part of the turnip crop, and the effect has 
been very satisfactory throughout the course. 
The crops this year (1844J are light, owing to the long drought, 
the wheat short in the straw, but will yield well; some of the 
barley did not vegetate till the rain we had the beginning of July; 
