108 
Hie Practical Value of Dung 
backs arising from the defects of an undeveloped system, did 
well, and their more hesitating neighbours have been compelled 
to follow the example of the leaders. In fact, the standard 
qualities of flour have been very much raised of late years, and 
millstone flour is now no longer saleable in competition with 
roller-made flour from the same wheats. 
In this sketch of modern milling in this country no more 
has been attempted than to show the general effect of the revo- 
lution that has taken place in machinery and in practice, 
and the difiiculties that now present themselves in the way of 
adapting the new system to the reduction of our comparatively 
soft native wheats. Until some fresh development takes place, 
the demand from millers will be for dry firm wheat with a clear 
sharp fracture, and damp soft wheats will be a drug in the 
markets. It is, however, certain that finality in the art or 
practice of milling has not yet been attained, and that me- 
chanical science will sooner or later provide a simplification of 
the somewhat complicated processes now in use, as well as means 
whereby wheats in the condition of average English crops may 
be reduced to flour without the drawbacks that now stand in 
their way and reduce their prices as compared with their foreign 
competitors. 
V. — The Practical Value of Bung as Compared with Artificial 
Manures. By R. Vallentine, Burcott, Leighton Buzzard. 
The chief object of this paper is to show by a variety of evidence, 
in short compass, what is the 2»'actical value and cost of manui'e 
obtained by the consumption of some well-known kinds of cattle- 
food. In order to obtain some standard — some starting-point 
— to elucidate the subject, I have calculated the rate of increase 
of carcase weight of nearly all the classes of cattle exhibited at 
the Islington Shows for three years past. For the purpose of 
giving as clear a statement as possible, the average age in 
weeks is given, and the rate of increase of carcase or butcher 
meat is ascertained, by a rule applied to the known living 
weights. The actual carcase weight of several of the prize 
beasts has been obtained from the butchers who killed them, 
not only for the cattle at one Show, but at several. 
The dead weight in proportion to the living for fat beasts 
runs from G2 to 72 per cent. The best animal at the Show of 
1885 had a proportion of 70 per cent, of carcase weight. Some 
others had only G2 and Go per cent. It is a general rule, how- 
ever, in all the classes to allow C6f per cent, for the dead 
