184 Recent Imp'ovemenis in Cider and Perry Malting. 
nut. The teeth of this wheel link into upritrlit teeth fixed in the nut, and 
thereby force the roller to take a rotatory motion. The diameter of the 
wheel Vill of course be regulated by the centre of the roller above the nut. 
The perpendicular axle has an iron pin at each end for pivots which run 
in a sunk iron centre ; the wood of the axle, being bound with an iron ring, 
forms the shoulder. 
In addition to the mill, there will be required a stirrer, a 
reever, and a shovel. 
The stirrer is a strong stick by which the boy who attends to the horse 
and walks before the stone removes the pulp and fruit from the sides to the 
bottom during grinding. The reever is a piece of board, made of the same 
shape as the section of the trough, fastened to a wooden handle, and is used 
to draw the pulp together in the trough previous to its removal by the shovel, 
which should also be of wood. 
The reason for using wooden implements has been stated 
above. This mill is now greatly used in all the cider-making 
districts in England and the Channel Islands, and is by many 
eminent makers and connoisseurs considered the best, as no 
metal comes in contact with the juice expressed, and the fruit 
and kernels are thoroughly pulped. Its chief disadvantages are 
that the fruit is apt to roll before the stone roller, and so not 
get properly crushed, unless well looked after, and that there is 
considerable trouble entailed in removing the cheese from the 
trough. 
Latterly there have come into use many smaller machines, 
worked either by steam or horse power, or manual labour. 
They are all modifications of one form, and the best of them 
appears to be the following : — 
On the top of a stout iron framework is fitted a large hopper or feeder. 
Under this, driven by a drum from the source of whatever power may be 
used, are two wooden rollers closely studded with iron teeth or knives, which 
cut, or rather scrape, the fruit into a fine pulp. This pulp passes underneath 
to two fluted stone rollers, generally granite, which are made to revolve at 
different rates of speed, and which crush the kernels that may have escaped 
the cutting action of the cylinders above. From these the pulp passes into 
a tub placed under the machine to receive it. 
By whatever means used, this machine gives a great saving 
of time and power over the old mill ; but in the eyes of many 
connoisseurs it is looked upon with disfavour, on account of the 
iron knives used in the two upper cylinders ; and upon the 
whole it is doubtful whether the economy of time and labour 
saved by its use is not a false one, by reason of the temptation 
to rush everything through the niill at one time which is to be 
ground. 
In America this machine, or one of a similar character, has 
now come into almost universal use. 
In France, owing to the small size of .the orchards, the mill 
generally worked by manual labour. Like the old English 
