crsrvi Agricultural Education-^Examination Papers, 1888. 
8. Write down the formula which expresses the relation between 
the volume, pressure, and temperature of a given quantity of gas, 
stating exactly the meaning of each letter which enters the formula. 
The volume of a certain quantity of gas is 2,000 cubic inches, when 
under a pressure of 2 9 '325 inches of mercury, and when the tempera- 
ture is 68° F. (20° C.) ; at what temperature would its volume be 
2,500 cubic inches, under a pressure of 26'715 inches of mercury 1 
(Temperature of mercury the same in both cases.) 
9. Define a unit of heat and its mechanical equivalent. 
When a steam-engine lifts a weight of one ton to a height of 
386 feet, how many units of heat are consumed in doing this work 1 
To what temperature would that number of units of heat raise 
10 gallons of ice-cold water. 
EXAMINATION IN BOTANY. 
Maximum Number of Marks, 100. Pass Number, 50. 
Saturday, May 12th, from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 
1. How would you distinguish a plant from an animal in their 
simplest forms 1 
2. Describe the methods of multiplication of the vegetable cell. 
3. What is, a, protoplasm ; b, chlorophyll ; c, cellulose ; and d, 
starch 1 
4. Describe the structure of the leaf, and explain its function. 
5. What are the principal elements of the food of plants ; where 
are they obtained ; and by what organs are they appropriated 1 
6. What are the external conditions necessary for the germina- 
tion of a seed 1 
7. What is the structure of a grain of wheat 1 Compare it with 
the structui'e of a pea. 
8. Describe the organs of reproductiom in the Gymnosperms ; 
explain how the o\~ule is fertilised ; and give the names of the gym- 
nosperms which are natives of Britain. 
9. Give a sketch of the life history of the fungus that causes 
mildew in wheat. 
10. Name three insectivorous plants ; describe the methods by 
which they seize their prey; and explain how tlie insects are utilised 
by the plants. 
11. State the principal characters of the Gramineoo, Leguminosac, 
and Cruciferse. 
12. Name and describe the plants A, B, and C, taking the organs, 
if present, in tlie following order : root, stem, leaves, bracts, sepals, 
petals, stamens, pistil, fruit, and seeds. 
