170 Report of Consulting Entomologist. 
mata) and of the Mottled Umber Moth {Hyhernia defoliaria) were 
taken on the trunks of apples, and plums, and a large number of the 
■winged males of the Mottled Umber Moth, living and freshly caught, 
were found sticking in the grease-bands on the apple-trees. Other 
kinds, too, were identified as being present. I have also notes from 
a locality in Herefordshire, where caterpillar-prevention is receiving 
careful attention, that trees with eggs on them which were placed 
in heat about the middle of February were speedily found to have a 
full crop of caterpillars. 
The non-effect of cold in doing what is called "clearing the 
grubs," has long been known scientifically, but it is still so little 
appreciated popularly that it appears worth while to note a few of 
these fresh field observations whilst they are still almost in progress. 
With regard to considerations of prevention of Orchard M.oth 
caterpillars (independently of weather influences), we now know, 
from observations of the past and previous seasons, that Winter 
Moths and other destructive kinds having wingless females may 
be found at intervals ascending the orchard trees, from somewhat 
before the middle of October until at least the end of March. These 
orchard observations clearly show that although "sticky-banding" 
is (as we all know) exceedingly serviceable for lessening the numbers 
of the great body of autumn and early winter ascending moth-pests, 
yet the constant complaints (such as are sent to myself yearly 
about May) from orchard-growers — that their trees are swarming 
with caterpillars, although they spared no pains in banding in 
autumn — have a cause beyond what autumn banding can possibly 
meet. 
We see for ourselves, beyond what is laid down in entomological 
books, that there is enough presence of wingless moths to account 
for the subsequent attacks, besides what is owing to the presence of 
other kinds — as Lackey, Small Apple Ermine, Figure of 8, and 
other injurious kinds — which no " sticky-banding " will stop, because 
the moths come on the wing. 
To meet this difficulty, although palliatives — such as shaking 
down caterpillars, smoke from specially-arranged fires, etc. — may 
sometimes be of use, no thorough remedy is known here, nor in the 
great fruit-producing counti-ies of the world, excepting spraying 
the trees with insecticides of such a nature, and so applied, as will 
kill the whole collection of ravaging hordes at once without injuring 
the leafage or promise of fruit ; and for this purpose the applications 
chiefly used, on the broad scale of United States and Canadian fruit- 
growing practice, have been emulsions of soft soap or applications of 
Paris green or London purple. 
We have not tried the emulsions of soft soap on a large scale - 
here, because there is great difficulty in so mixing the mineral oil 
and soft soap tliat tiiey shall not presently separate and the 
application greatly injure the leafage. London purple, whicli, like 
Paris green, is an ai senical insecticide, has a capacity of doing much 
good, and in the coming season its use will probably be more 
widely tried. But the observations, which have now been con- 
