238 
Methods of Preventing and Chechimj 
two eccentrics working the pumps, or diaphragms, like those of 
the hand Eclair. The liquid is forced up through the tubes and 
is distributed downwards over the plants through the Vermorel 
nozzles at A and B, as seen in Fig. 9. The width between the 
wheels varies with the size of the machine. The smallest machine 
is only 20 inches wide.' 
A machine for distributing powdery materials has been 
recently invented by M. Vermorel. This is called "laTorpille." 
It is carried on the back like the Eclair, and holds about 23 lb. 
of powder. By the easy movement of a lever the contents 
of the metal tank, or reservoir, are discharged through a tube 
directed at pleasure, and the quantity is governed by a simple 
arrangement. The cost of this is about 25s. 
There are many kinds of hand machines in France for 
putting on liquid solutions. They are chiefly made in the 
"Knapsack" form, to be carried on the backs of men and 
women. The pulverisateur Japy is a useful machine ; the 
pulverisateur called " Salvator Folium," made by Berteau et Fils, 
in the Gironde, is also serviceable, as well as the pulverisateur 
Bourdil. In Italy there are several forms of distributing 
machines of this character,^ and in the United States there is a 
surprising number of bucket-pumps, "Knapsack" pum^DS, and 
aquapults.^ Nothing of this kind, however, is more valuable 
or simple than M. Vermorel's Eclair " Knapsack " j^ump. 
Fruit Crops. 
Among the most destructive insects affecting fruit crops are 
the caterpillars of several moths, particularly the winter moths, 
the lackey moth, and the ermine moth. Some of these get 
into the leaf and blossom buds directly the latter begin to 
form. 
The females of the winter and other moths crawl up the 
stems of fruit-trees in the autumn and place eggs near the 
buds. It is important to stop their ascent, either by placing 
guards round the trees or by smearing the trunks to keep them 
back. 
' The Horse 6clair (ficlair i\ la Traction) can be obtained at Windsor 
Chambers, 20 Great St. Helens, E.G. 
There is a detailed account of these in the Islritzioiie per eonosoere e 
votiihatterc la jwroiKispdra tld/d, ri/r, in the Anniili. di Agricoltura, published 
by the Italian Ministry of Afrricull ure, 1880. Rome. 
^ These are fully (k'scribcd, with legions of machinery for distributing in- 
secticides, in the Fourth Itcjiort of the United iSfritcx Kntoiiioloi/irtif ('oi>iiiti,isi(m, 
1883-85, published by the United ISIatcs Department of Agriculture. 
