77ic Agricultural Holdings {England) Act, 1883. 7 
in the Act of 1875, come eight improvements, in respect of 
which tenants do not require a landlord's consent, and need 
give him no notice. They are — 
16. Boning of land with undissolved bones. 
17. Chalking of land. 
18. Clay-burning. 
19. Claying of land. 
20. Liming of land. 
21. Marling of land. 
22. Application to land of purchased artificial or other 
purchased manure. 
23. Consumption on the holding, by cattle, sheep, or pigs, of 
cake or other feeding- stuff not produced on the holding. 
None of these improvements are new ; they are taken word 
for word from the Act of 1875, but the first six were there 
included in Class 2, for which notice to the landlord was 
necessary. The last two form Class 3. 
Here^ then, are twenty-three kinds of improvements for 
which a tenant may claim compensation under the new law. 
For shortness, the three classes will hereafter be referred to as 
(1) permanent improvements ; (2) drainage ; and (3) temporary 
improvements. The next question is. Who is a tenant entitled 
to claim compensation ? 
Definition of Tenant. — In the Act under review, " contract of 
tenancy" is defined (§ 61) as "a letting or agreement for the 
letting of land for a term of years, or for lives, or for lives and 
years, or from year to year." This definition is taken from 
the old Act, with an unimportant addition, not there to be 
found, of the words " or agreement for the letting," which seem 
to be surplusage, inasmuch as a letting of land would be held to 
be a letting under written agreement or by word of mouth. 
But there is also an important omission, for tenancy under the 
Act of 1875 also meant a letting " at will." It follows that, in 
the very rare cases in which tenants are tenants at will, they 
are not entitled to the benefits of the new Act, and that tenants 
for shorter periods than from year to year are equally outside its 
provisions. 
The word "tenant," then, means a holder of land on the 
tenure defined in " contract of tenancy." It also includes all 
his representatives upon death, lunacy, or bankruptcy, and any 
person otherwise deriving title from him, who will respectively 
have the right to receive compensation for any of his improve- 
ments. We have already' seen that " landlord " means " any 
person for the time being entitled to receive the rents and 
profits oi any holding." There only remains for present notice 
the concluding provision in the interpretation clause that, 
