the Animals of the Farm. 
259 
Parasites in the air-passage are responsible for considerably 
more damage than those which inhabit the digestive canal. 
The threadworms which infest the bronchial tubes of calves 
and lambs, and cause constant irritation and incessant cough 
or husk, have long been known to farmers, and dreaded the 
more as every year shows the futility of preventive measures 
from which much good was expected. Unfortunately, lands 
which become infested with the germs of the threadworms 
cannot be freed from the pest except under the influence of long 
frosts or continued hot dry weather, conditions which have been 
conspicuous by their absence for many years past, certainly the 
most essential one — dry weather — ^has. 
Treatment, to be successful in the cure of lung disease from 
the presence of threadworms in the bronchial tubes, involves 
two essentials : first, the destruction of the parasites ; and 
secondly, what is often the most difficult, the removal of the 
diseased animals to a position in which they will escape the 
risk of reinfection. Turpentine is a favourite remedy, but it 
must be given with care. The best plan is to apportion the 
dose — a tablespoonfui for a calf, and a teaspoonful for a lamb, 
and then mix the quantity with four times the amount of milk 
and eggs beaten together. 
A more direct plan of bringing remedies in contact with the 
worm is to inject them directly into the windpipe with a syringe, 
as advocated by Dr. Levi of Pisa. This plan of administering 
medicines has lately been tried with great success in France 
in treating worms in the lungs, and it is time that English 
veterinarians took up the practice which promises such good 
results. 
Under any system of treatment of the disease it is very 
essential to support the animals by means of good food. 
Accidents and Diseases associated icith Calving and Lambing. — 
In these days of high breeding in all classes of farm animals, 
the time of parturition, and especially the season of lambing, is 
one of considerable anxiety to the owner of valuable stock. 
Abortion, or the expulsion of the foetus at any time before it is 
sufficiently developed to live, — and premature birth, or the 
expulsion of the foetus prior to the natural time, but in a state 
of development which permits it to maintain an existence when 
separated from the mother, — are two accidents which are so 
necessarily associated with breeding that they cannot be certainly 
prevented. Careful management, including a supply of good 
food, avoidance of exposure to inclement weather, and the 
removal of all causes of excitement, will effect much in the way 
of prevention ; but the flock-master must not expect perfect 
s 2 
