104 
American Milk-Condensing Factories. 
very perfectly met ; and in this form it is better adapted to the 
manifold uses and wants of consumers than if it were in a dry 
state. The history of Mr. Borden's labours and ultimate suc- 
cess has been well portrayed in the ' Milk Journal,' which it 
may not be out of place to quote, at the same time correcting 
some errors therein stated. 
It is affirmed that " all the brands of good or even fair quality 
now sold, are prepared substantially under the system originated 
by him (Borden). A man of intense energy and unyielding 
tenacity of purpose, and an inventor of great ingenuity, if not 
of remarkable scientific attainments ; he added to all this the 
enthusiasm of the philanthropist, who believed that preserved 
milk would be a boon to humanity. As long ago as 1849 he 
began his experiments, conducted simultaneously with others, 
whose aim was the preservation of meat." 
It may be mentioned here that, at the London Exhibition of 
1851, a Council bronze medal was awarded to Mr. Borden for 
his meat biscuit. We believe he did not at that time exhibit his 
condensed milk. It was not until about 1853 that he himself 
arrived at the conviction that he had obtained the quality he had 
been seeking. Meanwhile he had expended energy, time, and 
quite a fortune in his experiments; for he at length saw that to 
experiment to advantage, a large amount of material, involving 
much expense, must be used in each instance. 
At an early stage of his experiments he decided that milk 
could not be preserved in a dry form as " desiccated," or " pow- 
dered," or solidified, but must be left in a semi-liquid state. 
That some preservative agent must be added, and that nothing 
but water must be removed, also became apparent. The result 
is that condensed milk, as now known to the trade and con- 
sumers, consists of milk from which only water has been taken 
and to which nothing but sugar has been added. The product 
is of the consistency of honey, and, by dilution with water, it is 
easily reconverted to milk itself somewhat sweetened. It may 
be here stated, that all the dry preserved milks requii;e to be 
dissolved in hot water, while the condensed milk prepared under 
the Borden system readily dissolves in cold water. 
By 1861 Mr. Borden had extensively introduced his prepara- 
tion, and four or five factories were in operation, capable of 
producing in the aggregate 5U00 1-lb. cases per day. During 
the War of the Rebellion, large quantities were required for the 
Northern armies, the officers and many privates purchasing it 
of the sutlers, while the hospitals were supplied by the Govern- 
ment, and the various Christian and Aid Societies. This gave 
an impetus to the trade, at the same time that the shipping 
demand steadily increased. 
